Is the process of using recombinant DNA technology to alter an organism’s characteristic
Genetic engineering
Science of Heredity
Genetic
The passage of genetic traits from one generation to another
Heredity
Are composed of smaller units called genes (DNA)
Chromosome
A gene’s specific position along a chromosome is called?
The Gene’s locus/traits
Pair of genes that carry the same trait and are located at the same place on pairs of chromosome
Alleles
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
A very large molecules made up of smaller units called nucleotides
DNA
3 parts of DNA
Sugar, phosphate molecule, and nitrogenous base
Is a stretch of a dna that codes for a type of protein that has a function in an organism
Gene
The exchange of corresponding DNA
segments between adjacent chromosomes
during the special type of call division that
results in the production of new genetic
makeup.
Recombination
also refer to artificial and deliberate
recombination of pieces of DNA, from
different organisms, creating what is called
recombinant DNA
Recombination
5 stages involved in recombinant DNA
Isolation, Cutting, Ligation and Insertion, Transformation, Expression
the first stage in recombinant DNA
Isolation
Restriction enzymes act as molecular
scissors and cut DNA
Cutting
- The site where restriction enzymes act as molecular scissors and cut DNA
Restriction sites
- the third stage in recombinant DNA
Ligation and Insertion
rejoining cut fragments of DNA and forming artificial recombinant molecules
Ligation
Recombinant DNA introduced into bacterial
Transformation
Getting the organism with the
recombinant DNA to produce the desired
protein
Expression
produces the polypeptide in the expression stage
Bacterial Cell
- The two products of DNA technology
Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) and Genetically Enhanced Organism (GEO)
a technology that scientists use to alter an animal’s own DNA
or to splice in new DNA from another species
Gene Pharming
The transplantation of living cells, tissues, or organs from one
species to another
Xenotransplantation
It involves modifying human DNA to either repair it or to replace a faulty gene
Gene Theraphy
- The best-known disease where gene therapy has been tried
Cystic Fibrosis
Wherein tiny segments of a gene are taken out and replaced by different genes
Gene Splicing
4 geologic times scales
Eons, Eras, Periods, Epochs
- Longest expanse of geologic time
Eons
Next longest expanse of geologic time
Eras
Third Longest expanse of geologic time
Periods
Shortest expanse of geologic time
Epochs
3 eras within the Phanerozoic eon
Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic,
ancient life
Paleozoic
middle life
Mesozoic
- recent life
Cenozoic
- the year when Nicholas Steno studied a large shark that had been caught by
fishermen and noticed its teeth resembled stony objects found in some rocks
1667
He studied a large shark that had been caught by
fishermen and noticed its teeth resembled stony objects found in some rocks
Nicholas Steno
he questioned how solid objects, such as the fossilized teeth, could be found in other solid objects, or rocks
Nicholas Steno
he concluded that the horizontal rock layers, or strata,
had formed around the fossils. He realized that the youngest layers of rock were on the top, and the oldest on the bottom
Nicholas Steno
A French scientist that studied fossils throughout the 18th century
Georges Cuvier -
He is considered one of the pioneers of
paleontology.
Georges Cuvier -
Two important evolutionary processes
Extinction and Speciation
the complete disappearance of a species from the Earth
Extinction
The emergence of a new species
Speciation
- the idea that was formed as the result of periodic catastrophes, or natural disasters that wiped out some of the species
Catastrophism
A geologist who disagreed with Cuvier and his theory of catastrophism
Charles Lyell -
the idea that the Earth had been slowly and steadily
transformed over time by a series of tiny changes
Uniformitarianism
- hypothesized that animals adapted to their environment by their muscles and organs changing over time due to their use or disuse
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck -
a naturalist who had a copy of Charles Lyell’s book on geology with him as he traveled to South America on a ship, the HMS Beagle
Charles Darwin
when did Charles Darwin witnessed the Earth’s changes firsthand during a massive 8.2 magnitude earthquake in Concepción, Chile
February 1835 -
- 4 Mechanisms of Evolution
Adaptive Radiation, Artificial Selection, Natural Selection, Competition
- occurs most often when the organism encounters a new or
changed ecosystem
Adaptive Radiation -
- A technique in which intervention of humans allows for only selected organism to breed and produce offspring
Artificial Selection
The title of the book written by Charles Darwin
On the Origin of Species
- It allows adapted organisms to survive and pass traits along to offspring
Natur selection
- the term called when organisms, in the same members of
species, compete with each other for access to a resource
Intraspecific competition -
Four ecological factors -
Physiological stress, Predation, Competition, Sexual Selection
Inappropriate levels of a critical environmental factor (Moisture, Light, pH)
Physiological stress -
when one organism is hunted and killed by another
Predation
the result of other organisms attempting to use same resources.
Competition
- occurs when the female usually responds to specific behaviors or
physical traits
Sexual selection
3 types of Adaptations -
Physical adaptations, Behavioral adaptations, Physiologic adaptations
- it is the structural differences in coloration, body shape,
musculature, etc.
Physical adaptations
it includes migration, or marking territory
Behavioral adaptations -
Includes skin tanning, occur at the cell or
tissue level in an organism
Physiologic adaptations -
Evidence of Evolution
Hemology, Embryology, DNA and Protein sequences, Micro and Macro Evolution
when specific anatomical parts show variations on a common design
Homology
- It is the study of the development of an organism from conception to birth
Embryology
An organ or structure that seems to serve no purpose in an organism
Vestigial organs
- It is the study of the geographic distribution of species
Biogeography
It is how Darwin saw evolution as
Tree of Life
It involves the change in the genetic composition from generation to generation that resulted to the remarkable diversity of life we have today
Evolution
It can get stuck in small blood vessels, do not live as long, and do not
transport oxygen as well
Sickle cells -
