DNA Genetic Engineering Flashcards by John Oliver Care

Is the process of using recombinant DNA technology to alter an organism’s characteristic

Genetic engineering

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Science of Heredity

Genetic

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The passage of genetic traits from one generation to another

Heredity

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Are composed of smaller units called genes (DNA)

Chromosome

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A gene’s specific position along a chromosome is called?

The Gene’s locus/traits

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Pair of genes that carry the same trait and are located at the same place on pairs of chromosome

Alleles

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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A very large molecules made up of smaller units called nucleotides

DNA

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3 parts of DNA

Sugar, phosphate molecule, and nitrogenous base

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Is a stretch of a dna that codes for a type of protein that has a function in an organism

Gene

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The exchange of corresponding DNA
segments between adjacent chromosomes
during the special type of call division that
results in the production of new genetic
makeup.

Recombination

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also refer to artificial and deliberate
recombination of pieces of DNA, from
different organisms, creating what is called
recombinant DNA

Recombination

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5 stages involved in recombinant DNA

Isolation, Cutting, Ligation and Insertion, Transformation, Expression

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the first stage in recombinant DNA

Isolation

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Restriction enzymes act as molecular
scissors and cut DNA

Cutting

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The site where restriction enzymes act as molecular scissors and cut DNA

Restriction sites

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the third stage in recombinant DNA

Ligation and Insertion

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rejoining cut fragments of DNA and forming artificial recombinant molecules

Ligation

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Recombinant DNA introduced into bacterial

Transformation

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Getting the organism with the
recombinant DNA to produce the desired
protein

Expression

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produces the polypeptide in the expression stage

Bacterial Cell

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The two products of DNA technology

Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) and Genetically Enhanced Organism (GEO)

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a technology that scientists use to alter an animal’s own DNA
or to splice in new DNA from another species

Gene Pharming

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The transplantation of living cells, tissues, or organs from one
species to another

Xenotransplantation

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It involves modifying human DNA to either repair it or to replace a faulty gene

Gene Theraphy

- The best-known disease where gene therapy has been tried

Cystic Fibrosis

Wherein tiny segments of a gene are taken out and replaced by different genes

Gene Splicing

4 geologic times scales

Eons, Eras, Periods, Epochs

- Longest expanse of geologic time

Eons

Next longest expanse of geologic time

Eras

Third Longest expanse of geologic time

Periods

Shortest expanse of geologic time

Epochs

3 eras within the Phanerozoic eon

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic,

ancient life

Paleozoic

middle life

Mesozoic

- recent life

Cenozoic

- the year when Nicholas Steno studied a large shark that had been caught by fishermen and noticed its teeth resembled stony objects found in some rocks

1667

He studied a large shark that had been caught by fishermen and noticed its teeth resembled stony objects found in some rocks

Nicholas Steno

he questioned how solid objects, such as the fossilized teeth, could be found in other solid objects, or rocks

Nicholas Steno

he concluded that the horizontal rock layers, or strata, had formed around the fossils. He realized that the youngest layers of rock were on the top, and the oldest on the bottom

Nicholas Steno

A French scientist that studied fossils throughout the 18th century

Georges Cuvier -

He is considered one of the pioneers of paleontology.

Georges Cuvier -

Two important evolutionary processes

Extinction and Speciation

the complete disappearance of a species from the Earth

Extinction

The emergence of a new species

Speciation

- the idea that was formed as the result of periodic catastrophes, or natural disasters that wiped out some of the species

Catastrophism

A geologist who disagreed with Cuvier and his theory of catastrophism

Charles Lyell -

the idea that the Earth had been slowly and steadily transformed over time by a series of tiny changes

Uniformitarianism

- hypothesized that animals adapted to their environment by their muscles and organs changing over time due to their use or disuse

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck -

a naturalist who had a copy of Charles Lyell’s book on geology with him as he traveled to South America on a ship, the HMS Beagle

Charles Darwin

when did Charles Darwin witnessed the Earth’s changes firsthand during a massive 8.2 magnitude earthquake in Concepción, Chile

February 1835 -

- 4 Mechanisms of Evolution

Adaptive Radiation, Artificial Selection, Natural Selection, Competition

- occurs most often when the organism encounters a new or changed ecosystem

Adaptive Radiation -

- A technique in which intervention of humans allows for only selected organism to breed and produce offspring

Artificial Selection

The title of the book written by Charles Darwin

On the Origin of Species

- It allows adapted organisms to survive and pass traits along to offspring

Natur selection

- the term called when organisms, in the same members of species, compete with each other for access to a resource

Intraspecific competition -

Four ecological factors -

Physiological stress, Predation, Competition, Sexual Selection

Inappropriate levels of a critical environmental factor (Moisture, Light, pH)

Physiological stress -

when one organism is hunted and killed by another

Predation

the result of other organisms attempting to use same resources.

Competition

- occurs when the female usually responds to specific behaviors or physical traits

Sexual selection

3 types of Adaptations -

Physical adaptations, Behavioral adaptations, Physiologic adaptations

- it is the structural differences in coloration, body shape, musculature, etc.

Physical adaptations

it includes migration, or marking territory

Behavioral adaptations -

Includes skin tanning, occur at the cell or tissue level in an organism

Physiologic adaptations -

Evidence of Evolution

Hemology, Embryology, DNA and Protein sequences, Micro and Macro Evolution

when specific anatomical parts show variations on a common design

Homology

- It is the study of the development of an organism from conception to birth

Embryology

An organ or structure that seems to serve no purpose in an organism

Vestigial organs

- It is the study of the geographic distribution of species

Biogeography

It is how Darwin saw evolution as

Tree of Life

It involves the change in the genetic composition from generation to generation that resulted to the remarkable diversity of life we have today

Evolution

It can get stuck in small blood vessels, do not live as long, and do not transport oxygen as well

Sickle cells -

DNA Genetic Engineering Flashcards

(74 cards)