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Biology1006 > DNA II > Flashcards

DNA II Flashcards

1
Q

Haploid

A

Half the # of chromosomes

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2
Q

Heterozygous

A

2 diff alleles for a given gene

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3
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup/ set of alleles of an organism

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4
Q

DNA fingerprint

A

Used to link criminals to evidence found at the crime scene

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5
Q

Allelic Ladder

A

Used to compare the samples to

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6
Q

5 Possible Lab Mistakes

A
  1. Not changing tips
  2. Not wearing gloves
  3. Didn’t vortex it
  4. Tipped micropipetter
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7
Q

Falsifiable

A

Capacity for some proposition, statement, theory of hypothesis to be proven wrong

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8
Q

Parsimony

A

The principle of choosing the simplest scientific explanation to fit the evidence

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9
Q

Variable

A

An element, feature, or factor that is liable to vary or change

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10
Q

Control

A

A variable which remains unchanged or held constant

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11
Q

Replication

A

Using more that one group of subjects for each treatment.

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12
Q

Dependant Variable

A

AKA response variable. Measuring as a response to the independent variable.

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13
Q

Independant Variable

A

AKA treatment variable.

The one we are manipulating or monitoring

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14
Q

Error bars

A

Represent the uncertainty, error of the corresponding coordinate of the point

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15
Q

3 conditions for Hypotheses

A
  1. Has to be falsifiable
  2. Consider rule of parsimony
  3. Should have the potential to
    explain future phenomena
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16
Q

Gene

A

A piece of DNA, discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA

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17
Q

Transcription

A

Synthesis of RNA using a DNA template

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18
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

AN enzyme which links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription

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19
Q

mRNA

A

Attaches to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein

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20
Q

Translation

A

Synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule

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21
Q

Codon

A

3 nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal

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22
Q

Reading Frame

A

On an mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis

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23
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to H-Bonding between constituents of the backbone

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24
Q

Assay as a NOUN

A

The test of concentration

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25
Assay as a VERB
Determining an unknown concentration from a standard curve
26
Chromophore
An atom or group whose presence is responsible for the colour of a compound
27
X-axis
Horizontal - concentration of standard
28
Y-axis
Vertical - absorbance
29
Dependent variable
Variable being tested and measured
30
Error bars
Represents the uncertainty / error of the corresponding coordinate of the point
31
Independent variable
Variable being changed and controlled
32
Gene
Discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA
33
Gene expresssion
Process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins
34
Operator
Sequence of nucleotides near the start of an operon to which an active repressor can attach
35
Repressor
A protein that inhibits gene transcription
36
Promoter
A specific nucleotide sequence in the DNA of an gene that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place
37
Variance
The state of being variable - a degree of variation
38
F-ratio
Variance within/between treatments
39
Null hypothesis
The hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error.
40
Genotype
The genetic makeup/ set of alleles of an organism which determine characteristics
41
Homologous chromosomes
One chr. from mom, one from dad which pair up in meiosis
42
Sister Chromatids
Two copies of a duplicated chromosome...are identical!
43
Meiosis
Cell division in sexually reproducing organisms...2 rounds...cells w half DNA as original
44
Allele
Alternative versions of a gene
45
Dominant allele
Fully expressed
46
Recessive allele
NOT observed in a heterozygote
47
Phenotype
Observable physical and physiological traits of an organism
48
Sex-linked trait
Genes on the X or Y chromosome
49
Autosome
NOT a sex chromosome (any other!)
50
Allosome
A sex chromosome! (x,y)
51
Sexual dimorphism
2 sexes of the same species exhibit characteristics OTHER than that of their reproductive organs
52
Y chromosome
Sex-determining chromosome only in males...Fewer genes that the X chromosome.
53
Wildtype
The phenotype as the species most typically exists in nature
54
Mitochondria
The site of organelle respiration - uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP
55
Chloroplast
In plants and photosynthetic protists that absorb sunlight to synthesize organic compounds from CO2 and water
56
Catalyst
Chemical agent which increases the rate of rxn without being consumed in the reaction
57
Anabolic
Consume energy to consume a complex molecule from simpler ones!:)
58
Catabolic
Break down complex molecule to simpler ones....release energy!
59
Succinate
Salt or ester of succinic acid...used as a substrate
60
Calvin Cycle
2nd of two major steps of photosynthesis...DARK rxns.
61
Starch
Storage polysaccharide in plants. Composed of glucose monomers linked with glycosidic linkages
62
PI Curve - 3 components
1. Compensation point 2. PMax 3. Slope
63
P in PI represents...
Rate of photosynthesis
64
I in PI represents
Irradiance/Light Intensity
65
Compensaion Point
Point at which the rate of cellular respiration and photosynthesis balance out

Biology1006 (2 decks)

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