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AP Bio 1 > DNA & Replication > Flashcards

DNA & Replication Flashcards

Ch. 12, 16

1
Q

What is the cell cycle

A

Life of a cell from the time of formation to its own division into 2 daughter cells

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2
Q

What is a genome

A

The totality of an organisms DNA

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3
Q

What is cohesin

A

Cohesin is a multi-protein complex that mediates cohesion between replicated sister chromatids (like a binder ring between sister chromatids)

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4
Q

What is a gamete

A

A reproductive cell with half as many chromosomes

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5
Q

When do chromosomes condense

A

After DNA replication

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6
Q

What is a centromere

A

The region of repetitive sequences in DNA where sister chromatids are connected

The “waist” of a duplicated chromosome

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7
Q

Define mitosis

A

Division of genetic material in the nucleus of a cell

*Not cell division

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8
Q

Define cytokinesis

A

Division of cell into 2 daughter cells

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9
Q

What are each of the following phases in cell division
1. G1
2. S
3. G2
4. M
5. Cytokinesis

A
  1. G1 = growth
  2. S = DNA replication
  3. G2 growth
  4. M = distribution of daughter chromosomes into 2 daughter nuclei
  5. Cytokinesis = division of cytoplasm into 2 daughter cells
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10
Q

What are 3 main properties of prophase

A
  1. Chromosomes condense
  2. Nucleoli disappear
  3. Miotic spindles begin to form
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11
Q

What are 3 main properties of prometaphase

A
  1. Nuclear envelop begins to fragment
  2. Microtubules extend from centrosome
  3. Kinetochores form at centromeres
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12
Q

What are 3 main properties of metaphase

A
  1. Centrosomes can now be found at opposite poles of cell
  2. Chromosomes have moved to metaphase plate
  3. Microtubules attach to kinetochores
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13
Q

What are 3 main properties of anaphase

A
  1. Sister chromatids separate
  2. Kinetochore tubules shorten at centrosome end
  3. Cell elongates as nonkinetochore mictotubules lengthen
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14
Q

What are 3 main properties of telophase

A
  1. Two daughter nuclei form in the cell
  2. Nuclear envelop arise from fragments
  3. Nucleoli reappear and chromosomes uncoil
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15
Q

What is the 1 main property of cytokinesis

A
  1. Formation of cleavage furrow
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16
Q

Where does spindle microtubule assembly occur

A

Centrosome

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17
Q

What is a centrosome

A

A subcellular region containing materials that function throughout the cell cycle to organize microtubules

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18
Q

Where are the centrioles located

A

The center of the centrosome

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19
Q

What happens to the centrosomes during the cell cycle

A

Interphase = Centrosomes duplicate
Prophase = Centrosomes move apart
Prometaphase = Spindle microtubules begin to grown out of Centrisomes

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20
Q

What is an aster

A

An array of short microtububles that extend from the centrosomes

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21
Q

What is a kinetochore

A

A protein structure at chromosome centromere that binds with kinetochore microtubules during prometaphase

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22
Q

What is the metaphase plate

A

The imaginary line where chromosomes align in the cell during metaphase

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23
Q

What is separase

A

An enzyme that separates sister chromatids

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24
Q

How does cytokinesis occur

A

With help from vesicles that come from the golgi
These vesicles move along microtubules to the middle of the cell (aka cell plate). The materials in the vesicles are used and the cell wall grows until a new plasma membrane arises from vesicles

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25
Q

How does binary fission work

A
  1. 1 OR moves to opposite side of cell. Chromosome replication begins at the origin of replications (OR).
  2. Cell elongates
  3. Replication finishes and plasma membrane is pinched inward until 2 cells are produced
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26
Q

What are cell cycle checkpoints

A

Stop and go signals that regulate the cell cycle

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27
Q

What is a maturation promotion factor

A.k.a. M-phase promotion factor

A

A cyclin-Cdk complex which regulated the passage of a cell from the G2 phase to the M phase

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28
Q

Explain how cyclin and Cdk levels rise and fall in regards to the cell cycle

A

Cyclin levels begin to rise during S phase and fall abruptly during anaphase. Cyclins associate with Cdk at the end of G2 phase, activating MPF which phosphorylates certain proteins that trigger mitosis. During anaphase, MPF switches itself off by destructing cyclin. Noncyclin Cdk remains in cell, inactive.

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29
Q

What is the G1 checkpoint

A

Signals continuation of G1, S, G2 phases. If no signal present, cell switches to G0 phase (non-dividing existance). Cells may come back from G0 phase

30
Q

What is the G2 checkpoint

A

This checkpoint prevents damaged DNA from entering mitosis

31
Q

What is the M checkpoint

A

This checkpoint determines if all chromatids are correctly attached to spindle microtubules

32
Q

What is a growth factor

A

An outside signal from another cell that stimulates cell to divide

33
Q

What is density-dependant inhibition

A

Cells can divide until they come into contact with one another

34
Q

What is anchorage dependence

A

Cells require a substranum to attach to before they can divide

35
Q

What is transformation in terms of DNA

A

a change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of external DNA by a cell

36
Q

What is a bacteriophage

A

A bacteria eater

37
Q

What is a virus

A

DNA/RNA enclosed by a protective protein layer which must infect a cell and take over metabolic machinery

38
Q

What are Chargaff’s rules for DNA

A
  1. DNA composition varies between species
  2. For each species, the % of adenine and thymine bases are roughly equal, as are those of cytosine and guanine*

*This was realized later to be exact

39
Q

What does antiparallel mean

A

subunits run in opposite direction

40
Q

What molecular group is attached to the 5’ end of a deoxyribose

A

Phosphate group

41
Q

Which molecular group is attached to the 3’ end of a deoxyribose

A

OH- group

42
Q

Which molecular group is attached to the 1’ end of a deoxyribose

A

Nitrogenous base

43
Q

What defines a purine nitrogenous base and which bases are purines

A

Purines are nitrogenous bases with 2 organic rings. These bases are adenine and guanine

44
Q

What defines a pyrimidine nitrogenous base and which bases are pyrimidines

A

Pyrimidines are nitrogenous bases with a single organic ring. These include thymine, cytosine, and uracil

45
Q

Why is it important that each nuclear base pair has 1 purine and 1 pyrimidine

A

This assures the double helix will fit properly; if there are 2 purines, the helix will be too wide, while 2 pyrimidines would be too narrow

46
Q

What is the semi-conservative model

A

When a double helix of DNA replicates, each of the two daughter cells will have one old strand and one new strand

47
Q

What is an origin of replication

(Origin of replication will be referred to as OR)

A

A short stretch of DNA with a specific nucleotide sequence where replication of DNA will begin

48
Q

What is the replication bubble

A

The space between 2 separated DNA strands at the OR

49
Q

What is the replication fork

A

A Y-shaped region where parental DNA strands are unwinded

Found at the end of a replication bubble

50
Q

In what direction does DNA replication occur

A

5’ → 3’ direction

51
Q

What are the leading and lagging strands in DNA replication

A

The leading strand goes in the 5’→3’ direction* while the lagging strand is read 3’→5’ which accounts for okazaki fragments

*Seen on the right side of the OR in the rep. bubble; read right - left

52
Q

What is the first step in DNA replication

Step 1/7

A

Helicase will unwind the double helix at the replication fork, separating the parallel strands

53
Q

What is the second step in DNA replication

Step 2/7

A

Single-stranded binding proteins (SSBP) will bind to unpaired DNA strands, keeping them from reforming hydrogen bonds

54
Q

What is the third step in DNA replication

Step 3/7

A

Topoisomerase will help relieve the twists and strains in DNA by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining segments

55
Q

What is the fourth step in DNA replication

Step 4/7

A

RNA primase will place RNA primers that can act as a beginning nucleotide sequence to which DNA nucleotides can attach

56
Q

What is the fifth step of DNA replication

Step 5/7

A

DNA pol. III will add nucleotides to the 3’ end of pre-existing chain through dehydration reactions

57
Q

What is the sixth step in DNA replication

Step 6/7

A

DNA pol. I will replace RNA primers with DNA nucleotide bases

58
Q

What is the final step in DNA replication

Step 7/7

A

Ligase will form a bond between old nucelotide bases and bases that have just been replaced by DNA pol. I

59
Q

What are okazaki fragments

A

Fragments of DNA being synthesized on the lagging strand. These are made as fragments because DNA can only be synthesized in the 5’ → 3’ direction. As the lagging strand is 3’→5’, it must be built in blocks with multiple RNA primers

60
Q

What is dATP

A

Each new nucleotide begins as a deoxyribose ATP (or appropriate base, GTP, etc.). After attaching to the DNA strand, two phosphate groups break off

61
Q

What is a mismatch repair

A

A mismatch nucleotide base pair that must be removed and replaced by the enzyme nuclease

This repairing of DNA is not part of synthesis

62
Q

When DNA is damaged, nuclease will remove a segment of DNA, or, only the damaged DNA

A

A segment of of DNA

63
Q

In linear DNA, systems cannot complete the ____ ‘end of the daughter strand because ________________.

A

5’
DNA polymerase cannot add nucleotides to the new strand if there is no beginning

64
Q

What is a telomere

A

A special sequence of DNA in eukaryotic cells that contain no genes, but rather DNA is full of repititions of short nucleotide sequences

65
Q

What are the 2 functions of telomeres

A
  1. Prevent staggered ends from activating DNA damage-repair systems
  2. Acts as a buffer to provide protection of gene shortening
66
Q

What is a histone

A

DNA packing form with ~100 amino acids that is positively charged and binds with phosphate groups

67
Q

What is a nucleosome

A

DNA packing form with DNA wound twice around protein core of 8 histones

68
Q

The complex of DNA and protein that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome is properly called:

A

Chromatin

69
Q

The amount of DNA is measured in a cell and it is found that the quantity of DNA in the cells double during:

A

The S phase

70
Q

If a human somatic cell is just about to divide, it has ____ chromatids

A

92

71
Q

Assume you are dealing with a species in which the number of chromosomes in each somatic cell is 14. How many sister chromatids are present in the early telophase of mitosis

A

0

This question is dumb but the answer is because once sister chromatids have separated, they are technically now called chromosomes and not chromatids

72
Q

Following cytokinesis in an animal cell, how many centrioles are present in each new daughter cell

A

Two

Each daughter cell inherits one centrisome which contains two centrioles

AP Bio 1 (7 decks)

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