Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Exam Review > DNA Replication > Flashcards

DNA Replication Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleotide Structure and Uses?

A

Phosphate Grp, Sugar (ribose/deoxyribose), Nitrogenous base (A, T, C, G, U)
Uses: store energy, monomer or nucleic acid, co-enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Difference btw purines and pyrimidines?

A 
Purines - Dbl ring
Adenosine (NH2)
Guanosine (NH2, dbl bonded O)
Pyrimidines - Single ring
Cytosine (NH2, dbl bonded O)
Thymine (CH3, dbl bonded O)
Uracil (2 dbl bonded O)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What sugars apart of nucleic acids?

A

Ribose - OH on C#2
Deoxyribose - missing O from C#2
*both pentose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are abbreviations? ie. dNTP

A

d - deoxyribose, no “d” - ribose
N - base, (A, T, U, C, G)
T - # of phosphates, M=mono, D=di, T=tri

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How to nucleotides link together?

A

Phospodiester linkage between sugar of one and phosphate of another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Structure of DNA?

A

Dbl helix - hydrogen bonding
Strands antiparallel
Long strands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Base Pairing?

A

A with T (2 H bonds)

C with G (3 H bonds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ribonucleic Acid (difference btw DNA)?

A

Shorter, ss
Found in and outside nucleus (DNA only in)
Different base (U) and sugar (ribose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When does DNA replicate?

A
  • everytime cell divides
  • S phase of interphase
  • complete set of identical chromosomes must go into daughter cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

DNA semi-conversative when replicating?

A
  • use parent strand as copy to produce two identical molecules
  • each synthesized strand composed of one newly synthesized and parent strand
  • requires enzymes and is an endergonic process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is DNA gyrase?

A
  • relieves tension caused by the unwinding of the dbl helix

- bacterial enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is helicase?

A

-breaks H bonds btw nucleotides (unzipping molecule)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are ssB’s?

A
  • single stranded binding proteins

- facilitate unwinding of DNA molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does primase do?

A
  • lays down RNA primers to build complementary strands

* free floating nucleotides can then base pair with nucleotides alond ssDNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is DNA polymerase?

A
  • works 5’ to 3’ and builds new strand of DNA by attaching nucleotides
  • nucleotides lose 2 phosphates to generate E for process
  • replaces RNA primers with DNA nucleotides
  • new strand formation happens in opposite directions along DNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does ligase do?

A

-joins gaps btw Okazaki fragments on lagging strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Difference btw lead/lag strand

A
  1. Lead - 3’ to 5’, replication continuous towards replication fork
  2. Lag - 5’ to 3’ replication discontinuous away from replication fork, in Okazaki fragments
18
Q

Define: replication fork & replication bubble

A

replication fork - region where enzymes replicating DNA untwist molecule
replication bubble - region where two replication forks are close in proximitiy

19
Q

Why to cells die?

A
  • everytime DNA molecule replicated, primer on ends not replaced or replicated results in lose of approx 100 bp.
  • telomeres are non-coding DNA sequence at end of molecule, protect important genetic info from being eroded
  • DNA gets progressively shorter
  • once telomeres completely eroded important info starts to erode cells die
  • telomerase extends telomeres
20
Q

What are two genes that regulate mitosis?

A

-when mutation occurs problem arises as unblances them
oncogenes: increase mitosis
tumor suppressor genes: decress mitosis

21
Q

3 changes that happen to cancer cells?

A
  1. immortalization: cells don’t die
  2. transformation: cells don’t function normally
  3. metastisis: cells become mobile
    * cancer cells have large quantites of telomerase
22
Q

What is proof reading?

A
  • as DNA polymerase replicates proof reads
  • only can change right then, once nucleotide placed cannot fix
  • 99% accurate (lots of error)
23
Q

What is exicision repair?

A
  • bacterial enzymes that recongnize mistakes in DNA, cut out sequence
  • DNA polymerase repairs
24
Q

What are restriction enzymes?

A
  • bacterial enzymes that cut out specific sequence (recognition site) of DNA
  • sequence palindromic 4-6 bp
25
Q

Blunt Ends

A

-cut straigt through molecule

26
Q

Sticky Ends

A

-staggered cuts through molecule, produce some ssDNA

27
Q

What is PCR?

A
  • way to mass replicate DNA using one single molecule

- involves exponential copying of DNA

28
Q

Steps for PCR

A
  1. Mix in vial DNA, primers, nucleotides, DNA polymerase
  2. Heat mixture to denature molecule (90), cool temperature (60)
  3. Anneal primer to appropriate ends of ssDNA
  4. Nucleotides base pair to complementary strand using Taq polymerase
29
Q

Why does polymerase not have to work in 3’ to 5’?

A

-manufactured

30
Q

How many times is PCR repeated?

A
  • 20 to 30 times

- used to clone genes for mass production

31
Q

What % of DNA is identical/different?

A

99% identical, 1% different

32
Q

Steps of DNA fingerprinting.

A
  1. Stain DNA
  2. Place DNA in well with gel (agarose)
  3. Attach unit to power source
  4. DNA will migrate to positive terminal since its negatively charged
  5. Small fragments move faster than large
33
Q

What is DNA recombination and its applications?

A

-incorporating a gene into an already existing genome

Applications: GMOs, pharmacology, agriculture, gene therapy

34
Q

What is viral reproduction?

A
  • viral DNA inserted into bacteria cell, adding viruses genes to host cell
  • cell expresses genes
  • bacteria share genetic info through passing of plasmids back and forth
  • good vectors
35
Q

What is a vector?

A

-agents that carry genes into cells

36
Q

Different parts of Plasmid.

A

ori- origin of replication-
re- restricted sites
ar- antibiotic resistance

37
Q

What are steps of producing recombinant DNA?

A
  1. Cut plasmid - using restriction enzymes
  2. Mix in desired genes - with same ends
  3. Attach gene to plasmid - match sticky ends together and splice in gene (promoter at front and antibiotic resistant gene)
  4. Some plasmids express gene some don’t
  5. Put plasmid into bacteria cell - treat with heat/chemicals to force uptake of foreign DNA
  6. Bacteria expresses newly added genes
38
Q

What is a promoter?

A

-located at front of gene, activates gene “turning it on”

39
Q

Explain how compotent cells chosen.

A
  • mixed with antibiotics, bacteria that picked up gene will have antibiotic resistance gene and thrive in presence
  • host cell produce protein from gene
  • bacteria who do not express gene will die
40
Q

What is terminology for Sanger Method?

A

NTP - nucleotide used in ATP/RNA
dNTP- deoxynucleotide, used in normal DNA replication
ddNTP - dideoxynucleotide, modified missing OH from C#2, not normally used in DNA replication

41
Q

How do you sequence DNA?

A

Combine - ssDNA, one ddNTP, dNTP, primers and DNA polymerase

  • anneal primer to template strand and allow to be copied
  • at one point ddNTP will be incorporated into strand and result in dead end as missing OH from C#2
  • procedure repeated with different ddNTP to produce different sized fragments of DNA
  • run DNA through gel to seperate out segments
  • read base squence (bottom to top) , write out complementary strand and then original strand

Biology Exam Review (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions