DNA replication and cell division

Question 1

reproduction

Answer 1

to survive, a species must reproduce

Question 2

two types of reproduction

Answer 2

asexual and sexual

Question 3

how sex cells reproduce (sexual)

Answer 3

meiosis

Question 4

how somatic cells reproduce (sexual)

Answer 4

mitosis

Question 5

Asexual reproduction

Answer 5

Genetic material and organelles are replicated; the cell divides into 2; genetically identical offspring; binary fission

Question 6

meiosis

Answer 6

genetic material comes from 2 parents

Question 7

gametes

Answer 7

sex cells that have half of the genetic material - genetic material is ‘mixed’ and redistributed

Question 8

fertilization

Answer 8

egg and sperm unite to form 1 complete cell

Question 9

mitosis

Answer 9

genetic material comes from 1 parent cell (type of asexual reproduction that sexually reproducing organisms do)

Question 10

What is mitosis important for?

Answer 10

growth, repair, regeneration, reproduce (protists – asexually)

Question 11

apoptosis

Answer 11

cell death - scheduled – normal part of development and very important for an organism - cell division and apoptosis occur at the same rate - they are ‘balanced’ so tissues don’t become too large or shrink

Question 12

examples of apoptosis

Answer 12

chicken feet, duck feet, tadpole tail, sunburnt skin

Question 13

DNA replication

Answer 13

before a cell divides it first must replicate its genome

Question 14

How many chromosomes do humans have?

Answer 14

46

Question 15

how many chromosomes do bacteria have

Answer 15

only 1

Question 16

DNA replication involves many

Answer 16

enzymes

Question 17

DNA _____ adds new DNA _____

Answer 17

polymerase, nucleotides

Question 18

____form covalent bonds between DNA segments

Answer 18

ligases

Question 19

Bacteria get new genetic material from

Answer 19

mutation, transfer through a sex-pilus, and absorption

Question 20

sex-pilus

Answer 20

appendage/tube connecting 2 bacterial cells temporarily

Question 21

absorption

Answer 21

bacteria can absorb bits of genetic material from a dead cell

Question 22

DNA replication (prokaryote)

Answer 22

Parent cell contains one chromosome; DNA replicates and attaches to cell membrane; membrane growth between the two attachment points moves the DNA molecules apart as new cell wall material is deposited

Question 23

The result of binary fission

Answer 23

two daughter cells, each identical to the original

Question 24

Chromosome parts

Answer 24

chromatin, nucleosome, chromatid, and centromere

Question 25

Chromatin

Answer 25

DNA and proteins

Question 26

Nucleosome

Answer 26

DNA wrapped around 8 histone proteins

Question 27

Chromatid

Answer 27

condensed chromosome (2) - sister chromatids

Question 28

centromere

Answer 28

small section of DNA that attaches sister chromatids together

Question 29

Phases of mitosis

Answer 29

``` interphase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokinesis ```

Question 30

Interphase

Answer 30

Most of the life of a cell is spent in interphase; chromosomes are not visible (chromatin is unwound); the nucleolus and the nuclear envelope are distinct and the chromosomes are in the form of threadlike chromatin

Question 31

three phases of interphase

Answer 31

G1 phase-gap 1 S phase-synthesis G2 phase-gap 2

Question 32

G1 phase - gap 1

Answer 32

cell carries out its basic functions - it grows and produces molecules to build new organelles

Question 33

S phase - synthesis

Answer 33

Cell replicates its genetic material and repairs DNA

Question 34

G2 phase - gap 2

Answer 34

cell prepares to divide and produces proteins for mitosis

Question 35

prophase

Answer 35

DNA coils tighter and is visible; mitotic spindle attaches to chromosomes and makes spindle fibers; centrosome (centrioles) help organize the spindle fibers; nuclear envelope breaks down; the chromosomes appear condensed and the nuclear envelope is not apparent

Question 36

metaphase

Answer 36

chromosomes are lined up at the equator of the cell by the spindle

Question 37

telophase

Answer 37

mitotic spindle disassembles; chromosomes begin to unwind; nuclear envelope forms; early signs of cytokinesis starting

Question 38

cytokinesis

Answer 38

cytoplasm splits; 2 daughter cells are formed

Question 39

diploid

Answer 39

2 sets of chromosomes (1 from each parent)

Question 40

Cancer

Answer 40

cell doesn't know when to stop

Question 41

a normal cell has

Answer 41

chemical regulation to tell it when to divide and when to stop

Question 42

tumor

Answer 42

abnormal mass of tissue

Question 43

benign tumor

Answer 43

slow growing and usually harmless unless they get too large and interfere with other tissue; have a tough capsule surrounding mass

Question 44

malignant tumor

Answer 44

invades adjoining tissue; no surrounding capsule so it can metastasize - cells can break off and travel to other parts of the body

Question 45

genetic cancer

Answer 45

mutated genes inherited from parents or errors during development

Question 46

environmental cancer

Answer 46

exposure to chemicals, radiation, viruses

Question 47

How to treat cancer

Answer 47

removal of tissue, drug therapy, radiation therapy

Question 48

chemotherapy and radiation therapy

Answer 48

both target rapidly dividing cells

Question 49

rapidly dividing cells include

Answer 49

both cancerous and healthy cells

Question 50

side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy

Answer 50

fatigue, hair loss, nausea, weakened immune system

Question 51

success of treatment depends on

Answer 51

type of cancer, stage of cancer, where it is located, and if it has metastasized or moved