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General Biology 103 > The Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

The Chemistry of Life Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

Everything is composed of

A

Matter and energy

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2
Q

Matter

A

takes up space

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3
Q

atoms

A

smallest level

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4
Q

protons

A

positive charge, heavy, and center of the atom

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5
Q

neutrons

A

no charge, heavy, and center of the atom

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6
Q

electrons

A

negative charge, light and orbit in shells

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7
Q

atoms are made up of

A

protons, neutrons, and electrons

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8
Q

atoms are

A

particles of elements - pure substance that cannot be broken down, building blocks of all substances

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9
Q

how many elements total?

A

118

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10
Q

the 6 elements that make up 97-99% of the human body

A 
C carbon
H hydrogen
O oxygen
N nitrogen
P phosphorus
S sulfur
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11
Q

What is the atomic number

A

the number of protons

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12
Q

the order of the element on the periodic table

A

Atomic number, element, symbol, atomic mass, and mass number

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13
Q

atomic mass

A

average mass of all isotopes - different forms of the same element

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14
Q

what makes up the mass number?

A

the number of protons plus the number of neutrons

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15
Q

molecule

A

chemical interactions between atoms

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16
Q

compound

A

interactions between different elements

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17
Q

All ___ are ____ but not all ___ are ___.

A

All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds

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18
Q

which element is particularly both a compound and a molecule?

A

water - H2O

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19
Q

How many electrons per orbital

A

2

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20
Q

Orbital

A

location of electron relative to the nucleus - exist in energy shells (rings)

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21
Q

First shell (1 orbital)

A

2 electrons

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22
Q

Second shell + 4 orbitals equals

A

8 electrons

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23
Q

oxygen has how many electrons?

A

2 in the first shell and 4 in the second, which leaves 2 spaces/voids and results in bonding

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24
Q

chemical bonds

A

an atom is stable when its ‘vacancies’ are filled; to fill these voids, atoms, share, steal or donate electrons; they form chemical bonds to hold atoms together

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25
what are the three types of chemical bonds
covalent, ionic, and hydrogen
26
covalent bond
share electrons and strong bond
27
non-polar covalent
equal sharing of electrons
28
polar covalent
one atom 'hogs' electrons; no net charge but parts of molecule have a charge; head is positive and ears are negative
29
Ion
atom that has lost or gained electrons; has a net positive or negative charge
30
ionic bond
one atom donates electrons to another; opposites attract; strong (breaks easily in water); salt
31
hydrogen bonds
opposite partial charges attract; adjacent molecules or within larger molecules; weak bond; water!
32
chemical reactions
two or more molecules exchange atoms to make different molecules; bonds break and are re-formed; reactants and products
33
Water properties
water is cohesive; universal solvent; regulates temperature; expands; and chemical reactions
34
water is cohesive
water molecules stick together due to hydrogen bonding and create surface tension
35
solvent
chemical in which other substances dissolve
36
solute
dissolved substances
37
solution
solute(s) disolved in solvent
38
water regulates temperature
water resists heat and holds heat and stabilize temperatures in Earth and our bodies
39
Water expands in what 3 different forms?
liquid, solid and gas
40
water creates chemical reactions
almost all of life's chemical reactions take place in the watery solution that fills and surrounds cells
41
hydrophilic substance:
water loving; polar (charged); readily dissolve in water (water is polar)
42
hydrophobic substance
water fearing; non-polar; do not dissolve in water
43
pH system
Used to measure how acidic or basic a solution is
44
Acid
adds H+; pH 0.0-7.0
45
Neutral
pH of 7.0
46
Alkaline or Base
adds OH-; pH 7.0-14.0
47
buffers
resist pH change
48
Organic molecules
compounds that contain carbon -- Hydrogen bonds (C-H)
49
is CO2 organic
no
50
what are the four main types of organic molecules
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
51
Carbohydrates
both simple and complex sugars
52
simple sugars
mono and disaccharides; quick energy; sucrose and maltose
53
complex sugars
polymers of monosaccharides; store energy and structural support; and starch and cellulose
54
Lipids
Hydrophobic, non-polar, and do not dissolve in water
55
what are the three types of lipids
Triglycerides, Sterols, and Phospholipids
56
Triglycerides
Carboxyl heads and fatty acid tails
57
the two types of Triglycerides
Saturated fat and Unsaturated fat
58
Saturated Fat
Fatty acid tails are saturated with H (hydrogen); straight tails; solid at room temperature (butter)
59
Unsaturated fat
Fatty acid tails are not saturated with H; bent or kinked tails; liquid at room temperature (vegetable oil)
60
Trans Fats
addition of H to unsaturated fats to make them solid at room temperature
61
Sterols
Ring structures; cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen
62
Phospholipids
Make up cell membranes; phospholipid heads; fatty acid tails
63
function of lipids
energy storage, protective, structural, and regulatory
64
Proteins building blocks
Amino Acids (AA)
65
How many total AA
20
66
Primary structure of Amino Acids
long chains called polypeptides
67
Polypeptides become proteins after folding
secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure
68
Protein function
structural (collagen); contractile (muscle proteins); transport (Channel proteins); storage (egg protein); and enzyme (digestive
69
which outside factors is protein vulnerable to
Heat, pH, salt; proteins denature -- structure/shape is changed, function is destroyed; genetic mutations are also a possibility
70
proteins: prions
infectious protein; mad-cow disease, chronic wasting disease; miss-folded protein (protein makes pleated sheets instead of helixes) (holes in brain tissue)
71
what are nucleic acids made up of
nucleotides
72
What are nucleotides
5 carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose); phosphate; nitrogenous base
73
nitrogenous base
Adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and uracil (U)
74
What are the 3 types of nucleic acids
DNA, RNA, and ATP
75
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid - stores genetic material; double helix (spiral staircase) - double stranded; hydrogen bonds hold each strand of nucleotides
76
nucleotide pairs
A with T and C with G
77
RNA
ribonucleic acid - protein production; single stranded; hydrogen bonds hold each strand of nucleotides
78
nucleotide pairs
A with U and C with G
79
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate - modified RNA nucleotide; energy and storage
80
Function of nucleic acids
store genetic material (DNA); make proteins (RNA); and energy storage (ATP)

General Biology 103 (8 decks)

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