DNA + RNA

Question 1

Dna molecules contains

Answer 1

Genes

Question 2

A gene is a segment of DNA that makes instructions for making

Answer 2

Protein/polypeptide

Question 3

An allele are

Answer 3

Two versions of a gene

Question 4

A cell needs many different types of proteins to function
Enzymes
Transport proteins

Answer 4

Enzymes carry out chemical reactions to sustain life

Transport proteins move ions and molecules across the cell membrane

Question 5

Genes influence an organism’s characteristics by determining the

Answer 5

protein made

Question 6

Early in the 1900s, people didn’t know if the basis for molecules was

Answer 6

Protein or dna

Question 7

Frederick Griffith

Answer 7

killed pathogens and mixed harmless bacteria with their corpses, and some of the bacteria became pathogens

Question 8

Hershey and Chase

Answer 8

found that viruses inject their DNA into cells to reproduce (nucleotides??)

Question 9

Nucleotides are

Answer 9

Nitrogenous base
Five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
Phosphate group

Question 10

Nucleotides are joined together by a

Answer 10

sugar-phosphate backbone

Question 11

There are four nitrogen-containing bases

Answer 11

Adenine (A)
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)

Question 12

DNA and RNA are

Answer 12

polymers of nucleotides

Question 13

Purines have a double ring structure

Answer 13

Adenine, Guanine

Question 14

Pyrimidines have a single ring structure

Answer 14

Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine

Question 15

DNA abbrev

Answer 15

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 16

RNA abbrev

Answer 16

ribonucleic acid

Question 17

RNA

Answer 17

Ribose
Uracil (U)
Single stranded
Copies genetic code for protein

Question 18

DNA

Answer 18

Deoxyribose
Thymine (T)
Double stranded
Is genetic code for protein

Question 19

Watson and Crick were the first to figure out the structure of DNA

Answer 19

two polynucleotide strands wrapped around each other in a double helix

Question 20

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 20

holds the strands together

Question 21

Each base has a complementary partner

Answer 21

Adenine and Thymine
Guanine and Cytosine

Question 22

The genetic information in a chromosome is enclosed in

Answer 22

the nucleotide sequence in DNA

Question 23

Enzymes use the stands to make new nucleotides

Answer 23

Nucleotides

Question 24

DNA replication follows a semiconservative model

Answer 24

one old strand of DNA and one new strand

Question 25

Meselson and Stahl researched

Answer 25

Dna replication

Question 26

Steps of dna replication

Answer 26

Helicase splits DNA strands into two different pieces Primase makes RNA strands called primers DNA polymerase binds to the primer and make new DNA DNA polymerase can only make DNA in one direction (5 prime to 3 prime), which is called the leading strand The other strand, called the lagging strand, has to be filled in with fragments, called Okazaki fragments DNA ligase binds the Okazaki fragments Exonuclease removes the RNA primers and is filled in with DNA

Question 27

DNA polymerase can only add to the 3 prime end because it has a

Answer 27

hydroxyl for dehydration reaction

Question 28

Leading strand Lagging strand

Answer 28

5' to 3' 3' to 5'

Question 29

Transcription process

Answer 29

Hydrogen bonds between the bases of the DNA helix are broken by DNA helicase RNA nucleotides line up and RNA polymerase joins them along one strand of DNA The promoter signals the start and acts as a binding site for RNA polymerase RNA polymerase adds RNA nucleotides until it reaches the terminator, which signals the end of the gene

Question 30

RNA that encodes amino acid sequence is called

Answer 30

messenger RNA (mRNA) because it tells genetic messages from DNA to the translation machinery of the cell

Question 31

Before leaving the nucleus as mRNA

Answer 31

eukaryotic transcripts undergo RNA splicing:

Question 32

RNA splicing

Answer 32

Introns (non-coding segments of RNA) are spliced out Exons (coding segments of RNA) are spliced together, and a 5’ cap and a poly A tail are added to the ends of the mRNA

Question 33

The sequence of nucleotides in DNA provides a code for

Answer 33

Constructing a protein

Question 34

Translation requires nucleotide sequence to turn to

Answer 34

amino acid sequence

Question 35

DNA->Transcription->mRNA->Translation->Polypeptide

Answer 35

Got it?

Question 36

The genetic instructions for the amino acid sequence is written in DNA and RNA called

Answer 36

Codon

Question 37

Codons are a series of

Answer 37

nonoverlapping three-base “words”

Question 38

The genetic code is a set of rules that translates mRNA to

Answer 38

amino acids/polypeptides

Question 39

Ribosomes attach to mRNA and translates the message to polypeptides, aided by

Answer 39

transfer RNAs (tRNA)

Question 40

tRNA is a folded molecule with a base triplet called.. on one end and an.. on the other

Answer 40

Anticodons ; amino acid attachment site

Question 41

Ribosomes are made of

Answer 41

ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins

Question 42

Ribosomes have binding sites for

Answer 42

tRNA and mRNA

Question 43

Translation has three phases

Answer 43

Initiation Elongation Termination

Question 44

Initiation

Answer 44

An mRNA, a tRNA with methionine, and two subunits of a ribosome meet The initiator tRNA binds them all to the P site, where the start codon AUG is located

Question 45

Elongation+Termination

Answer 45

As the mRNA moves the codons, a tRNA with a complementary anticodon pairs with the codons, adding its amino acids to the polypeptide chain The tRNA is then translocated from the P site to the E site Elongation continues until a stop codon reaches the A site and calls for termination

Question 46

Mutations are changes in the .. for....

Answer 46

Genetic material ; cells or viruses

Question 47

Point mutations are ... in ...

Answer 47

Chemical changes ; one nucleotide pair of genes

Question 48

A change in a single nucleotide can cause

Answer 48

abnormal proteins

Question 49

If a point mutation occurs in a gamete (reproductive cell), it may be transmitted to

Answer 49

To offspring

Question 50

Point mutation

Answer 50

Single nucleotide-pair substitution Nucleotide-pair insertion or deletion

Question 51

Nucleotide-pair substitution

Answer 51

Replaces one pair of nucleotide and its partner with another pair

Question 52

Silent mutation

Answer 52

The codons change, but they still code for the same amino acid, making it redundant

Question 53

Missense mutation

Answer 53

The codons still code for an amino acid, just not the right one Substitution mutations are usually missense mutations