DNA/RNA/Protein Synthesis/Mutations ver2

Question 1

What is DNA?

Answer 1

A structure found in the nucleus (in eukaryotes) that stores genetic information

DNA is a polymer composed of nucleotides.

Question 2

What key concept was identified through experiments regarding DNA?

Answer 2

DNA was identified as genetic material through a series of experiments.

Question 3

Why was bacteriophage an excellent choice for research to determine whether genes are made of DNA or proteins?

Question 4

Who was Frederick Griffith and what did he study?

Answer 4

A microbiologist studying the bacterium that causes pneumonia to create a vaccine.

Question 5

What are the two types of bacteria Griffith studied?

Answer 5

• Smooth encapsulated = pneumonia + death
• Rough non-encapsulated = no pneumonia + no death

Question 6

What did Griffith hypothesize about the S bacteria?

Answer 6

The capsule protects the bacteria from the immune system.

Question 7

What would happen if Griffith combined live S bacteria with live R bacteria?

Answer 7

The mice will still die because it will get rid of the R bacteria but not the S bacteria.

Question 8

What effect did heat-killed S bacteria have when injected into mice?

Answer 8

The mice would live because Griffith killed the bacteria with heat.

Question 9

What did Griffith find when he injected a mixture of heat-killed S bacteria and live R bacteria into mice?

Answer 9

The mouse died.

Question 10

What did Griffith find in a blood test of the dead mouse?

Answer 10

He found live S bacteria in the dead mice.

Question 11

What is the transforming material that Griffith hypothesized?

Answer 11

A transforming material passed from the dead S bacteria to the live R bacteria, making them deadly.

Question 12

What did Griffith’s experiments confirm?

Answer 12

His experiments confirmed that the S bacteria killed the mouse and the R bacteria didn’t.

Question 13

What did Oswald Avery want to determine?

Answer 13

Whether it was DNA or protein that transformed harmless R bacteria into deadly S bacteria.

Question 14

What did Avery’s tests show?

Answer 14

DNA was present when proteins were not.

Question 15

What components did Avery break down from the heat-killed S bacteria?

Answer 15

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• DNA
• RNA

Question 16

What was the result of Avery’s experiment with enzymes?

Answer 16

Transformation only stopped when an enzyme was added that destroyed DNA.

Question 17

What did the results of Avery’s experiments confirm?

Answer 17

DNA was the reason why the mouse died when heat-killed S bacteria were added with R bacteria.

Question 18

What did Hershey and Chase study?

Answer 18

Viruses that infected bacteria, or bacteriophages.

Question 19

What did Hershey and Chase tag in their experiments?

Answer 19

• Viral proteins with radioactive sulfur
• Viral DNA with radioactive phosphorus

Question 20

What did Hershey and Chase’s experiments confirm?

Answer 20

DNA was the genetic material.

Question 21

How many types of nucleotides are in DNA?

Answer 21

Four types of nucleotides.

Question 22

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

Answer 22

• A phosphate group
• A deoxyribose sugar
• A nitrogen-containing base

Question 23

What are the nitrogen-containing bases found in DNA?

Answer 23

• Thymine
• Adenine
• Guanine
• Cytosine

Question 24

What is the structure of DNA as determined by Watson and Crick?

Answer 24

A double helix.

Question 25

What are Chargaff's rules?

Answer 25

A=T and C=G.

Question 26

What connects the backbone of DNA?

Answer 26

Covalent bonds.

Question 27

What connects the bases in DNA?

Answer 27

Hydrogen bonds.

Question 28

What does the term replication mean?

Answer 28

A copy or reproduction.

Question 29

What is the direction of DNA replication?

Answer 29

5’ to 3’ direction.

Question 30

What is the function of DNA polymerase?

Answer 30

Bond the nucleotides together to form the double helix.

Question 31

What is the semiconservative nature of DNA replication?

Answer 31

One original strand is conserved, and one complementary new strand is made.

Question 32

What does transcription convert?

Answer 32

A gene into a single-stranded RNA molecule.

Question 33

What is the central dogma?

Answer 33

Genetic information flows in one direction from DNA to RNA to proteins.

Question 34

What are the three types of RNA made during transcription?

Answer 34

* Messenger RNA (mRNA) * Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) * Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 35

What is the difference between replication and transcription?

Answer 35

Replication copies all of the DNA while transcription copies a specific gene.

Question 36

What is the role of a codon?

Answer 36

A sequence of three nucleotides that codes for an amino acid.

Question 37

What is an anticodon?

Answer 37

A set of three nucleotides that is complementary to an mRNA codon.

Question 38

What is a frameshift mutation?

Answer 38

Inserts or deletes a nucleotide in the DNA sequence, altering every amino acid after the mutation.

Question 39

What is a point mutation?

Answer 39

An alteration of a single nucleotide base in the DNA or RNA molecule.

Question 40

What is the effect of most mutations?

Answer 40

They have negative effects.

Question 41

What is a mutation?

Answer 41

A change in an organism's DNA ## Footnote Mutations can occur during DNA replication and can have various effects.

Question 42

What is a point mutation?

Answer 42

An alteration of a single nucleotide base in the DNA or RNA molecule ## Footnote Example: GAT GAT CTC CAC

Question 43

What is a frameshift mutation?

Answer 43

Inserts or deletes a nucleotide in the DNA sequence, altering every amino acid after the mutation ## Footnote This type of mutation can have significant effects on protein synthesis.

Question 44

What is an example of a frameshift mutation?

Answer 44

Develops around 6 months of age, leading to deterioration of nerves, blindness, deafness, and inability to swallow, with death usually before the 4th year ## Footnote This illustrates the severe consequences of frameshift mutations.

Question 45

What is a chromosomal mutation?

Answer 45

A mutation that affects many genes and may occur during crossing over ## Footnote Chromosomal mutations can lead to significant changes in an organism's genetic makeup.

Question 46

Do mutations always affect phenotype?

Answer 46

No, mutations may or may not affect phenotype ## Footnote Chromosomal mutations tend to have a larger impact compared to gene mutations.

Question 47

What are some effects of gene mutations on phenotype?

Answer 47

* May cause a premature stop codon * May change protein shape or the activation site * May change gene regulations ## Footnote These changes can significantly impact the function of the protein encoded by the gene.

Question 48

Can some gene mutations not affect phenotype?

Answer 48

Yes, some mutations may be silent or occur in noncoding regions ## Footnote These mutations may not affect protein folding or the active site.

Question 49

Do mutations in body cells affect offspring?

Answer 49

No, mutations in body cells do not affect offspring ## Footnote Only mutations in sex cells can be inherited.

Question 50

What can happen to mutations in sex cells?

Answer 50

They can be harmful or beneficial to offspring ## Footnote Natural selection often removes mutant alleles from a population.

Question 51

What is a mutation that causes an alteration of a single nucleotide base called?

Answer 51

Point mutation ## Footnote Other types of mutations include chromosomal mutations, inversions, and translocations.

Question 52

What are two ways that RNA differs from DNA?

Answer 52

* RNA is single-stranded * RNA has ribose sugar and uses uracil * DNA is double-stranded, has deoxyribose sugar, and uses thymine ## Footnote These structural differences are crucial for their respective functions in the cell.

Question 53

Why does a frameshift mutation usually have a larger effect on the resulting protein compared to a point mutation?

Answer 53

It alters every amino acid after the mutation ## Footnote This can lead to a completely nonfunctional protein.

Question 54

What amino acid is associated with the anticodon CGU?

Answer 54

Alanine ## Footnote This can be determined using a circular codon chart.

Question 55

What amino acid is associated with the anticodon AGG?

Answer 55

Serine ## Footnote Reference to the circular codon chart is needed for confirmation.

Question 56

What amino acid is associated with the anticodon GGG?

Answer 56

Proline ## Footnote This information can also be found using the circular codon chart.