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VCE BIO AOS 1 OUTCOME 2 > DNA structure/replication > Flashcards

DNA structure/replication Flashcards

1
Q

nucleic acid

A

large, linear polymers that form when nucleotides bond together.

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2
Q

Types of nucleic acid

A

DNA AND RNA

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3
Q

differences of RNA and DNA

A

RNA contains one more oxygen than DNA

the 5 carbon sugar is called ribose in RNA and called deoxyribose in DNA

Bases of DNA: GACT
Bases of RNA: GACU

RNA is single stranded and short whilst DNA is double stranded and long

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4
Q

double helix

A

a DNA molecule composed of 2 polymer strands that twist to form a helix shape

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5
Q

What is DNA made up of

A

nucleotides

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6
Q

What 3 chemical components do nucleotides in contain

A

Nitrogenous base
phosphate
5 carbon pentose sugar

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7
Q

How does DNA have a negaitve charge

A

nucelotides contain phosphate groups which have a negative charge

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8
Q

Types of nitrogen bases in DNA

A

Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)

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9
Q

what is the first carbon of a pentose sugar attached to

A

nitrogen base

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10
Q

what is the 5th carbon of a pentose sugar attached to

A

phosphate group

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11
Q

How are the nitrogen bases -adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine arranged

A

adenine and thymine-guanine and cytosine are arranged complementary and antiparallel to each other

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12
Q

what does DNA form into

A

a double helix

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13
Q

What does Adenine bind with

A

Thymine

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14
Q

What does guanine bind with

A

cytosine

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15
Q

nucleotide

A

a monomer that makes up a large molecule of DNA

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16
Q

monomer

A

a molecule that can be bonded to another molecule to form a polymer

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17
Q

condensation polymerisation

A

is the reaction that occurs when nucleotides bond together to form a phosphodiester bond

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18
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

term used to describe the bonding of multiple nucleotides

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19
Q

when mutiple nucleotides bind together, the bond between them is called

A

a phophodieste rbond

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20
Q

what links nucleotides

A

condensation polymerisation

21
Q

Steps of DNA replication

A

1.replication fork formation
2.Primer binding
3. elongation
4. Termination

22
Q

Replication fork formation

A

dna helicase spilts DNA into two seperate strands

23
Q

What direction can DNA only replicate in

A

the 3 to 5 primer direction

24
Q

Primer binding

A

when primase binds to the 3’ end of the DNA strand

25
Q

what creates primers

A

DNA primase

26
Q

difference between lagging and leading strand

A

the lagging strand replicates discontinuously forming short fragments, whereas the leading strand replicates continuously

27
Q

primase

A

creates primers during celluar DNA replication

28
Q

what does DNA polymerase III do in lagging strand

A

synthesis the leading strand and Okazaki fragments

29
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

duplicates chromosomal DNA

30
Q

Termination(in DNA replication)

A

enzymes remove all primers from the original strands and replaces them with nitrogenous bases

31
Q

what does ligase do

A

joins fragments of newly synthesized proteins(but if asked abt DNA replication should say that is joins the okazki fragments)

32
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

discontinuous short sequences of DNA nucleotides

33
Q

why do we call the lagging strand the lagging strand

A

the replication of the lagging strand is delayed compared to the leading strand

34
Q

types of pentose sugar in nucleotides

A

deoxyribose(found in DNA)
ribose(found in RNA)

35
Q

how does the lagging strand become a perfect DNA strand

A

DNA polumease 1 cuts out the primers and replicates themwith DNA nucleotides.

36
Q

where does DNA replication begin

A

beginning of orgin of replication(oriC)

37
Q

where does DNA replication proceed towards/end

A

the terminus

38
Q

Why do cells replicate

A

growth and development

maintenance of cells and repair and replacmement of damaged cells

reproduction-

39
Q

what does it mean when you see word condensaiton

A

water will be produced

40
Q

what carbon is attached to the phosphate and what carbon is attached to the sugar molecule and what carbon is attached to the nitrogen base

A

carbon 5 is attached to the pentose sugar and phosphate group

Carbon 1 is attached to the nitrogen base

41
Q

How many bonds does A and T have

How many bonds does C and G have

A

A and T has 2 hydrogen bonds

C and G has 3 hydrogen bonds

42
Q

What does the base ‘U’ that replaces T stand for in RNA

A

Uracil

43
Q

What happens when phosphate group at carbon 5’ of one nucleotide bonds with the with hydroxyl group at carbon 3’ of the neighbouring nucleotide in the strand

A

a phosphodiester bond is formed and a molecule of water is released -

44
Q

types of rna

A

Trna-transfer rna bring amino acids to ribsomes
Rrna-ribsomal rna makes up the ribsome
Mrna-is a copy of dna

45
Q

all functions of DNA

A

sends out insturctions to make proteins
contains the genetic material for growth and reproduction
Controlsall cells functions

46
Q

DNA polymerase 1

A

DNA polymerase 1 cuts out the primers and replicates them with DNA nucleotides.

47
Q

chromatin

A

dna wrapped around histones

48
Q

what bonds are broken down when the DNA is unzipped into two strands

A

hydrogen bonds

49
Q

If the cells didn’t go through the g2 phase

A

they may lead to genetic issues, mutations, cancer and apopsotisis

VCE BIO AOS 1 OUTCOME 2 (4 decks)

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