DNA vs RNA and DNA Replication

Question 1

what acetylators respond well to the drugs?

Answer 1

intermediate acetylators

Question 2

what acetylators were the patients that were unaffected by the drug?

Answer 2

fast acetylators

Question 3

what were patients the were toxic from the drug?

Answer 3

slow acetylators

Question 4

what does a nucleotide consist of?

Answer 4

nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group

Question 5

what is the 5 carbon sugar called?

Answer 5

deoxyribose

Question 6

what are examples of nitrogenous bases in nucleotides of DNA?

Answer 6

thymine, adenine, guanine, cytosine

Question 7

how does adenine bond to thymine (complimentary bases)?

Answer 7

two weak H+ bonds

Question 8

how does guanine and cytosine bond together?

Answer 8

3 weak hydrogen bonds

Question 9

what keeps the two strands of the DNA helix together?

Answer 9

the number of hydrogen bonds in the double helix

Question 10

how does RNA differ from DNA?

Answer 10

1. uracil instead of thymine
2. pentose is ribose instead of deoxyribose
3. single stranded and folds on itself

Question 11

what is the directionality of DNA?

Answer 11

5’ to 3’

Question 12

which carbon of deoxyribose at the top binds thymine?

Answer 12

1’

Question 13

the deoxyribose at the top, the ‘point’ of the ring is an _______ atom, which means that the 2’ carbon is at the bottom right.

Answer 13

oxygen

Question 14

which carbon attaches to the phosphate group?

Answer 14

5’

Question 15

3’ carbon attaches to a phosphate group that is associated with what?

Answer 15

guanine

Question 16

5’ carbon of deoxyribose is associated with what?

Answer 16

cytosine

Question 17

how do you know it’s the 3’ end of deoxyribose?

Answer 17

no phosphate group attached

Question 18

how are DNA sequences written?

Answer 18

5’ to 3’

Question 19

what happens to the double strands during DNA replication?

Answer 19

it’s unwound and each of the parental strands serve as templates for making other strands (complimentary strands)

Question 20

what is the enzyme that unwinds the double helix to create the replication fork?

Answer 20

helicase

Question 21

what enzymes creates a small piece of RNA?

Answer 21

primase

Question 22

Once the RNA primers are in place, what two enzymes do the work of synthesizing polymers of appropriately chosen nucleotides to replicate the parental strands?

Answer 22

polymerase I and III

Question 23

DNA polymerase III binds to one of the parental strands, adds DNA bases in the 5’ to 3’ direction to generate a complementary strand called the __________________

Answer 23

leading strand

Question 24

what is the result of the lagging strand being synthesized discontinuously?

Answer 24

DNA polymerase III has to work backwards from the replication fork

Question 25

since DNA polymerase III has to work backwards from the replication fork, what happens to the repeated down the lagging strand?

Answer 25

the primase enzymes generate, multiple, separate short RNA primers, after which DNA polymerase III converts them to fragments of DNA

Question 26

why do the RNA fragments have to be removed?

Answer 26

the purpose of replication is to end up with a pair of double stranded DNAs

Question 27

how are the RNA fragments removed?

Answer 27

by DNA polymerase I that involves the enzyme’s exonuclease capability

Question 28

what fills in the gaps with DNA nucleotides after RNA fragments are removed?

Answer 28

DNA polymerase III

Question 29

what enzyme joins the DNA fragments together to make the complete lagging strand?

Answer 29

DNA ligase

Question 30

what is the end result of DNA replication?

Answer 30

two DNA molecules, each that consist of one parental strand and a new one

Question 31

if problems arise during replication, which enzymes pair adenines with thymines and guanines with cytosines?

Answer 31

DNA polymerase III

Question 32

if an incorrect nucleotide is not replaced, what is the end result?

Answer 32

mutation