DO EVERYDAY ANATOMY

Question 1

what are the 3 origins of the brain?

Answer 1

prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

Question 2

what does the prosencephalon turn into?

Answer 2

telecephalon

Question 3

what does the telencephalon turn into?

Answer 3

cerebral hemispheres

Question 4

what does the mesencephalon turn into?

Answer 4

mesencephalon –> midbrain

Question 5

what does the rhombencephalon turn into

Answer 5

metencephalon and mylencephalon

Question 6

what does the metencephalon turn into

Answer 6

pons, cerebellum

Question 7

what does the myencephalon turn into

Answer 7

medulla oblongata

Question 8

draw out the origins of the brain

Answer 8

P - TD
M - M
R - met + myl

Question 9

what are ependymal cells?

Answer 9

ciliated cuboidal / columnar epithelial cells that line the ventricles

Question 10

what is a node of ranvier?

Answer 10

speeds up propagation of action potentials along the axon

gaps between myelin insulation

Question 11

what comprises the lentiform nucleus?

Answer 11

putamen and globus pallidum

Question 12

where is the lentiform nucleus found?

Answer 12

basal ganglia

Question 13

what does the insular lobe play a role in ?

Answer 13

pain

Question 14

draw out the artieral supply of the brain

Answer 14

- anterior cerebral arteries
internal carotid arteries
- middle cerebral arteries
- posterior cerebral arteries
- basilar arteries
- vertebral arteries 
- circle of willis

Question 15

what is the sympathetic innervation of sympathetic chain?

Answer 15

T1-L2

Question 16

how does sympathetic innervation reach the heart?

Answer 16

pre synaptic - synapse in T1 or cervical paravertebral ganglia
post synaptic - via cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves to SA and AV nodes and the myocardium

Question 17

how does sympathetic innervation reach the lungs?

Answer 17

presynaptic - synapse in upper thoracic paravertebral ganglia
post-synaptic - pass in cardiopulmonary splanhnic nerves to the bronchiolar SM and mucous glands

Question 18

how does sympathetic innervation reach the abdominopelvic organs?

Answer 18

presynatic axons synapse in one of the prevertebral ganglia

Question 19

how does sympathetic innervation reach the adrenal medulla?

Answer 19

presynaptic axons pass through the aorticorenal ganglion to synapse directly onto the adreanline / noradreanline secreting cells of the adrenal medulla

Question 20

which nerve do parasympathetic presynaptic axons leave the Cns?

Answer 20

3,7,9,10

Question 21

which paths do sympathetic axons travel via?

Answer 21

ciliary ganglion
lacrimal + salivary glands
vagus nerve = organs of neck, chest, abdomen (hindgut)
sacralspinal nerves - hindgut, pelvis, + perineum

Question 22

what are the spinal nerves of the cervical plexus?

Answer 22

C1-C4

Question 23

what does the cervical plexus innervate?

Answer 23

posterior scalp, neck and diaphragm

Question 24

what are the spinal nerves of the brachial plexus?

Answer 24

C5-T1

Question 25

what are the spinal nerves of the lumbar plexus?

Answer 25

L1-L4

Question 26

what does the lumbar plexus innervate?

Answer 26

lower limb

Question 27

what are the spinal nerves of the sacral plexus?

Answer 27

L5-S4

Question 28

what does the sacral plexus innervate?

Answer 28

lower limbs, gluteal region, and perineum

Question 29

draw out spinal cord diagram

Answer 29

``` - dorsal funiculus dorsal grey hoen coritocspinal tract lateral gray horn verntral gray horn ventrl funiculus lateral funiculus dorsolateral trct of lissauer ```

Question 30

what is the arterial supply of the spinal cord?

Answer 30

segmental arteires radicular arteries 2 main longitudinal arteries

Question 31

what are the 2 ascending tracts?

Answer 31

DCML | spinothalamic

Question 32

function of DCML

Answer 32

fine touch, concious proprioception (upper limb)

Question 33

where do fibres cross in DCML

Answer 33

medulla

Question 34

functoin of spinothalamic tracts

Answer 34

pain, temperature and deep pressure

Question 35

whre do fibres cross in spinothalamic

Answer 35

segmentally

Question 36

what are the descending tracts?

Answer 36

corticospinal and extrapyramindal (tectospinal, reticulospinal, vestibulospinal)

Question 37

what are the function of corticospinal tract?

Answer 37

fine, precise movement (distal limb)

Question 38

where does the corticospinal tract cross?

Answer 38

pyramid

Question 39

what does the tectospinal tract do?

Answer 39

viusal simuli

Question 40

what does reticulospinal tract do?

Answer 40

voluntary movements

Question 41

what does the vestibulospinal tract do?

Answer 41

antigravity muscles

Question 42

fibres from pons do what?

Answer 42

facilitate exensor movements + inhibit flexor movements

Question 43

fibres from the medulla do what?

Answer 43

facilitate flexor movements and inhibit extensor movements

Question 44

what are the 3 layers of the cerebellum?

Answer 44

Molecular (outer) purkinje (middle) granule layer (inner)

Question 45

what does bilateral cerebellar dysfunction lead to ?

Answer 45

slowed, slurred speech, bilateral incoordination of arms, staggering, wide based gait

Question 46

what does a unilateral hemispheric lesion lead to?

Answer 46

disturbance of coordination in limbs, intention tremor, unsteady gait, asence of weakness or sensory loss

Question 47

do cerebellar hemispheres influence ipsilateral or contralateral side of the body?

Answer 47

ipsilateral

Question 48

what are the 3 functions of the basal ganglia?

Answer 48

to facilitate purposeful movement inhibit unwanted movement role in posture and muscle tone

Question 49

what is the result of basal ganglia dysfunction?

Answer 49

unilateral lesions = affect contraltareal side | do not cause paralysis, sensoy loss, LO power or ataxia

Question 50

what are the 5 basal ganglia

Answer 50

``` caudate nucleus putamen globus pallidus subthalamic nucleus substantia nigra ```

Question 51

draw a diagram of typical vertebrae

Answer 51

``` spinous process transverse processes vertebral foramen inferior articular process superior articular process the vertebral arch ```

Question 52

what is found in intervertebral foramne?

Answer 52

spinal nerves

Question 53

is fibrous ring anulus fibrosis found on the inside or outside

Answer 53

outside

Question 54

list the extrinsic back muscles

Answer 54

levator scapulae trapezius rhomboids lattissimusdorsi

Question 55

list the intrinsic back muscles?

Answer 55

``` erector spinae (3 vertical muscles located lateral to the spine) transversospinalis ```

Question 56

where do you inject spinal anaesthetic

Answer 56

L3/4

Question 57

what are the 3 opioid receptors

Answer 57

u - analgesic effect s - convulsant k - analgesia + sedation