Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MRCS Other > Doctors academy - Thorax COPY > Flashcards

Doctors academy - Thorax COPY Flashcards

(62 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the blood supply to the oesophagus?

A

Upper 1/3 - Inferior thyroid
Middle 1/3 - Descending thoracic aorta
Lower 1/3 - Left gastric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the venous drainage of the oesophagus?

A

Upper 1/3 - Inferior thyroid
Middle 1/3 - Azygous
Lower 1/3 - Left gastric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the oesophagus?

A

Upper 1/3 - Deep Cervical
Middle 1/3 - Para trachial
Lower 1/3 - caeliac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What surgical treatment can be done for oesophageal cancer

A

Proximal 1/3 - McKewan Procedure
Middle and Distal - Ivor Lewis

All generally have neoadjuvant chemotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What histological changes occur in barrats oesophagus?

A
  1. There is metaplasia from squamous to columnar
  2. There would then be dysplasia of these cells for them to become cancerous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

There are two types of metaplasia in barrats oesophagus, what surveillance is required for each?

A
  1. Gastric metaplasia - surveillance every 3-5 years
  2. Intestine metaplasia - surveillance every 2-3 years
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what structure would be damaged 1cm lateral and 1cm deep to the sternum?

A

the internal mammary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the blood supply and venous drainage of the anterior and posterior chest wall?

A

Anteriorally: Internal mammary arteries and internal mammary veins

posteriorly: decending thoracic aorta and azygous vein (accessory hemi azygous and hemiazygous drain the left side and then drain in to azygous)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where are the intercostal neurovascular bundles found?

A

they are found blow the corresponding rib between the internal intercostal and the innermost intercostal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the boarders of the safe triangle for chest drain insertion

A

Roof: Base of the axilla
Floor: 6th Intercostal Space
Lateral: Lateral edge of lat dorsi
Medial: lateral edge of pec major

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What layers do you pass through when inserting a chest drain

A

skin
subcutaneous fat / fascia
external intercostal
internal intercostal
innermost intercostal
endothoracic fascia
pariatal pleura of the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the treatment options for achalasia?

A

either botox or hellers myotomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what disease is associated with achalasia

A

chagas disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the treatment options for oesophageal spasms/ dysmotility?

A

Nitrates
Calcium Channel blockers
phosphodiesterase inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the features of plummer Vincent syndrome?

A
  • iron deficient anemia
  • post cricoid web
  • macroglositis / angular stomatas
  • beefy red tongue
  • chelitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the inferior most structure in both lung hilum

A

the pulmonary veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the posterior most structure in both lung hilum

A

the bronchus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the position of structures in the right lung hilum

A

Anterior - Pulmonary artery
Inferior - Pulmonary vein
Posterior - Bronchus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the position of structures in the left lung hilum

A

Anterior (and inferior) - pulmonary Veins
Superior - Pulmonary artery
Posterior - Bronchus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

where do the phrenic and vagus nerves lie in the lung hilum

A

phrenic nerve runs in front of the hilum
vagus nerve runs behind the hilum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the 4 different types of lung cancer

A
  • Small Cell
  • Large cell
  • Adeno carcinoma
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the most common type of lung cancer in adults and children

A

Adults - adenocarcinoma
Children - bronchiocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where are the 4 different lung cancers found within the lung?

A

Adnocarcinma - Peripheral (Away from centre)
Large cell - Peripheral
SCC - Central
Small Cell - Central

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what histological features are seen in small cell lung cancer

A

Salt and pepper appearance of nuclei
nuclear chromatin
scanty cytoplasm
round cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
which lung cancer is associated with paraneoplastic syndrome?
Small cell lung cancer - It is associated with SIADH and carcinoid syndrome
26
what is pancost syndrome and what are some of the common presenting symptoms?
Pancosts tumours are at the apex of the lungs, they cause compression of surrounding structures. Symptoms: 1. Compression of sympathetic nerves = horners syndrome (miosis, ptosis and anhydrosis) 2. Compression of branchial plexus trunks, particularly ulnar nerve - weakness and atrophy of muscles of the hand 3. SVC compression - SOB and Swelling of the arm 4. Recurrent laryngeal nerve compression - hoarse voice
27
What are the branches of the Subclavian Artery
Mnemoic: VIT C&D Part 1: - Vertibral artery - Internal Thoracic - Thyrocervical Trunk Part 2: - Dorsal Scapular - Costocervical Trunk part 3: No branches
28
What are the branches of the Axillary Artery
Mnemonic: Some Time Life Seems A Pain Part 1: - Superior Thoracic Part 2: - Thoracoacromial - Lateral Thoracic Part 3: - Subscapular - Anterior circumflex - Posterior Circumflex
29
At what level does the SCA become the Axillary Artery
The level of the first rib
30
What happens at the angle of Louis? (T4/T5)
RAT PLANT \* R: rib 2 \* A: aortic arch \* T: tracheal bifurcation \* P: pulmonary trunk \* L: ligamentum arteriosum \* A: azygos vein drains into SVC \* N: nerves \* loop of recurrent laryngeal nerve \* parasympathetic: contributions to the cardiopulmonary plexuses \* sympathetic: branches of the cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves \* T: right-to-left movement of the thoracic duct
31
What muscular structures are found in the Right Atrium?
1. Crista Terminalis (junction between sinus venous and the heart) 2. Pectinate Muscles (Ridges of the walls of the atrium)
32
What muscular structures are found in the ventricles of the heart
1. Papillary muscles 2. Chordae Tendinae 3. Trabeculae carnae (meaty ridges on surface of ventricles) Extra: 4. Vestibule 5. Infundibuloventricular crest
33
what is the nerve supply to the heart including the SAN and AVN
the vagus nerve
34
what is the cardiac sinus composed of?
- great cardiac veins - middle cardiac veins - small cardiac veins - oblique veins
35
where do the thesbian veins drain and where do they drain in to?
these drain the anterior surface of the heart and drain directly in to the right atrium
36
What are the abnormalities in tetralogy of fallot?
- Overriding aorta - VSD - Pulmonary stenosis - Right ventricular hytertrophy
37
What ECG findings do you get in hyperkalaemia?
- Flat P wavs - Wide QRS - increased PR - Peaked T Waves
38
What ECG findings do you get in hypokalaemia?
- Tall P waves - U waves - Increased PR - Increased QT
39
What ECG findings do you get in hypercalcemia?
- decreased QT - Decreased ST - Osborns waves (J waves) If severe
40
What ECG findings do you get in hypocalcemia ?
- Increased QT - Increased ST
41
What ECG findings do you get in hypothermia?
J waves
42
What are the contents of the superior mediastinum?
* Thymus * Oesophagus * Trachea * Brachiocephalic veins * Thoracic duct * Arch of Aorta * Vagus Nerve * Left recurrent laryngeal nerve * Phrenic nerve
43
What are the structures in the anterior mediastinum?
* lymph nodes and fat
44
What structures are found in the middle mediastinum?
* Heart * Aortic root * arch of azygos vein * main bronchi * phrenic nerve
45
what structures are in the posterior mediastinum?
* Thoacic aorta * Azygos vein * thoracic duct * vagus nerve * sympathetic nerve trunks * splancnic nerves
46
Where is the thoracic duct positioned in relation to the oesophagus?
The thoracic duct lies posterior to the oesophagus
47
Where does the thoracic duct drain in to?
The left subclavian vein which drains in to the left brachiocephalic vein which drains to the SVC
48
What are the branches of the coeliac trunk
Left gastric splenic common hepatic
49
What are the branches of the common hepatic artery
* Right gastric * Gastroduodenal (becomes right gastroepiploic) * proper hepatic (left and right hepatic)
50
What are the branches of the splenic artery
* Short gastric * left gastroepoploic
51
During the median sternotomy which structure would routinely require division?
Interclavicular ligament
52
What is the nerve supply of the pectoralis major and minor
Pectoralis Major - Medial and lateral pectoral nerves Pectoralis Minor - Medial pectoral nerves
53
How many collateral circulations exist as alternative pathways of venous return if the SVC was obstructed?
4 alternative systems * Azygous system * Internal mammary venous pathway * Long thoracic venous system with connections to the femoral and vertebral veins (2 pathways)
54
at what anatomical level does the descending aorta begin
T4/T5
55
What is the blood supply to the ribs T1-T3
Costocervical arteries which become the superior intercostal arteries
56
At what level does the Azygus vein drain in to the SVC
T4
57
58
What is the venous drainage of the chest wall above T4
* The supreme intercostal veins OR * the intercostal veins Both of these drain straight in to the brachiocephalic vein
59
What is the pathophysiology of achalasia
The myenteric plexus of orbach is not developed and so you get no peristalsis
60
What is the treatment for a pancosts tumour
Radiotherapy + chemotherapy + surgical removal
61
Which structure is responsible for the coordination of the contraction of the papillary muscles
Moderator band
62
what is the Mackler triad for borhaeves?
vommiting throacic pain subcutaneous emphasyma

MRCS Other (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions