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DoD Flashcards

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1
Q

Losartan drug class

A

Angiotensin II receptor antagonist

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2
Q

Losartan indications

A

Diabetic nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Chronic heart failure when ACEi are unsuitable

Hypertension

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3
Q

Losartan mechanism of action

A

Losartan binds to AT1 receptors blocking the binding of angiotensin II preventing the vasoconstrictor and aldosterone secreting effects of angiotensin II.

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4
Q

Losartan adverse drug reaction

A

Hypotension

Hyperkalaemia

Cause or worsen renal failure

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5
Q

Losartan drug interactions

A

NSAIDS

Drugs that increase K+ (ACEi and CCB)

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6
Q

Indapamide drug class

A

Thiazide - like diuretic

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7
Q

Indapamide indications

A

Essential hypertension

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8
Q

Indapamide mechanism of action

A

Indapaimde inhibits the Na+/K+ co-transporter in the DCT. This decreases sodium and water reabsorption.

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9
Q

Indapamide adverse drug reactions

A

Hypokalaemia

Hyponatraemia

Hyperuricemia - gout

Arrhythmias

Hyperglycaemia

Hypercholesterolaemia

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10
Q

Indapamide drug interactions

A

NSAIDs

Loop diuretics

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11
Q

Amlodipine drug class

A

Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker

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12
Q

Amlodipine indications

A

Prophylaxis of angina

Hypertension

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13
Q

Amlodipine mechanism of action

A

Amlodipine is a peripheral arterial vasodilator that exerts its action directly on vascular smooth muscle to lead to a reduction in peripheral vascular resistance

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14
Q

Amlodipine adverse drug reactions

A

Ankle oedema

Flushing

Headaches

Palpitations

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15
Q

Amlodipine drug interactions

A

Simvastatin

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16
Q

Atorvastin drug class

A

Statin

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17
Q

Atorvastin indications

A

Primary hypercholesterolaemia

Familial hypercholesterolaemia

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18
Q

Atorvastatin mechanism of action

A

Atorvastatin competitively inhibits 3- hydroxy - 3 methylglutaryl coenzyme A ( HMG CoA) which is an enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis.

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19
Q

Atorvastain adverse drug reactions

A

GI disruption, nausea and headaches

Myalgia - diffuse muscle pain

Rare - rhabdomyolysis

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20
Q

Atorvastatin drug interactions

A

amiodarone, diltiazem, macrolides and Amlodipine as there increase plasma statin concentration

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21
Q

Spironolactone drug class

A

Aldosterone antagonist

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22
Q

Spironolactone indications

A

Oedema

Ascites in liver cirrhosis

Nephrotic syndrome

Heart failure

Resistant hypertension

Primary hyperaldosteronism

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23
Q

Spironolactone mechanism of action

A

Spironolactone competitively inhibits aldosterone dependant Na+ K+ exchange
channels in the DCT. This action leads to increased sodium and water excretion, but more potassium retention

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24
Q

Spironolactone adverse drug reactions

A

Hyperkalaemia

Gynaecomastia

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25
Spironolactone drug interactions
Drugs that increase K+ levels
26
Metformin drug class
Biguanides
27
Metformin indications
Type 2 diabetes mellutis PCOS
28
Metformin mechanism of action
Metformin inhibits gluconeogenesis so hepatic glucose production decreases
29
Metformin adverse drug reactions
GI upset - nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea
30
Metformin drug interactions
ACEi NSAIDs Thiazide like diuretics Loop diuretics
31
Salbutamol drug class
Short acting selective beta 2 agonist
32
Salbutamol Indications
Asthma
33
Salbutamol mechanism of action
Salbutamol binds to beta 2 receptors causing the increased production of cAMP. This decreases calcium in cells and therefore relaxes the smooth muscle causing bronchodilation.
34
Salbutamol advserse drug reactions
tachycardia palpitations, anxiety and tremor Increased glycogenolysis and increased renin synthesis
35
Salbutamol drug interactions
Beta blockers
36
Sitagliptin drug class
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor ( gliptins )
37
Sitagliptin indications
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
38
Sitagliptin mechanism of action
Sitagliptin is released after eating and prevents incretin degradation. This increases the plasma concentration of incretin and therefore augments the release of insulin and controls it.
39
Sitagliptin adverse drug reactions
GI upset Small risk of pancreatitis
40
Sitagliptin drug interactions
other hypoglycaemic drugs Thiazide like diuretics Loop diuretics
41
Gliclazide drug class
Sulfonylureas
42
Gliclazide indications
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
43
Gliclazide mechanism of action
Gliclazide stimulates insulin secretion through beta cell sulfonylurea receptors augmenting the release of insulin. It also causes ATP-dependant K+ channels to become blocked.
44
Gliclazide adverse drug reactions
mild GI upset ( nausea, diarrhoea, hypoglycaemia
45
Gliclazide drug interactions
other hypoglycaemic drugs Loop diuretics Thiazide like diuretics
46
Clopidogrel drug class
ADP receptor antagonist
47
Clopidogrel indications
TIA Acute ischaemic stroke
48
Clopidogrel adverse drug reactions
Bleeding GI upset - dyspepsia and diarrhoea Rarely - thrombocytopenia
49
Clopidogrel drug interactions
CYP inhibitors Other anti platelet and anticoagulants
50
Amiodarone drug class
Class III anti-arrhythmic
51
Amiodarone indications
Ventricular fibrillation Atrial fibrillation Tachycardia Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
52
Amiodarone mechanism of action
Amiodarone increases the refractory period and action potential duration so this increases the sodium conduction and therefore the threshold increases. The next depolarisation cant occur so AV conduction is extended.
53
Amiodarone adverse drug reactions
Pulmonary fibrosis Hepatic injury increase in LDL cholesterol Thyroid disease Photosensitivity optic neuritis - transient blindness
54
Amiodarone drug interactions
Digoxin Warfarin
55
Verapamil drug class
Calcium Channel Blocker ( phenylalkylamine )
56
Verapamil indications
Supraventricular tachycardia Angina Hypertension
57
Aspirin drug class
Cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor
58
Aspirin indications
Unstable angina TIA Acute ischaemic stroke Secondary prevention for CVD and DVT
59
Aspirin mechanism of action
Aspirin inhibits COX-1 mediated production of TXA2 and reduces platelet aggregation
60
Aspirin adverse drug reactions
GI irritation GI bleeding Haemorrhage
61
Aspirin drug interactions
Anti-platelet drugs Anti-coagulant drugs
62
Flecainide drug class
Class Ic anti-arrhythmics
63
Flecainide indications
Supraventricular tachycardia Ventricular tachycardia Wolff-Parkinson-white syndrome
64
Flecainide adverse drug reactions
Pro-arrhythmia an sudden death with chronic use Flecainide flutter - increase ventricular response to Supraventricular arrhythmias CNS and GI effects
65
Flecainide drug interactions
beta blockers, Amiodarone Some antibiotics
66
Celecoxib drug class
NSAID ( selective COX-2 inhibitor )
67
Celecoxib indications
Pain and inflammation in : OA and RA Inflammatory conditions such as ankylosing spondylitis
68
Celecoxib adverse drug reactions
Increase risk of MI Decrease in GFR and renal blood flow Increased BP due to increased sodium reabsorption
69
Celecoxib Drug Interactions
ACEi ARBs Diuretics
70
Azathioprine drug class
Immunosuppressant
71
Azathioprine indications
IBD RA SLE Autoimmune conditions Suppression of transplant rejection T
72
Azathioprine mechanism of action
Azathioprine inhibits purine synthesis. This results from Azathioprine being cleaved to form 6-MP which is an anti-metabolite that decreases DNA and RNA synthesis. This decreases white blood cell production.
73
Azathioprine adverse drug reactions
Bone marrow suppression Increased risk of malignancy increased risk of infection Hepatitis
74
Azathioprine drug interactions
Other immunosuppressants
75
Morphine drug class
Opiod
76
Morphine indications
Pain ( acute, chronic , in palliative care ) MI Acute pulmonary oedema
77
Morphine mechanism of action
Morphine binds to the μ receptor. This decreases cAMP production causing an efflux of potassium. This hyperpolarises the cell membrane. There is then a decrease in substance P and GABA release and an increase in dopamine release causing a euphoric effect.
78
Morphine adverse drug reactions
Respiratory Depression Emesis GI tract Cardiovascular Miosis Histamine release ( asthmatics )
79
Morphine drug interactions
Other pain medications
80
Omeprazole drug class
Proton pump inhibitor
81
Omeprazole indications
Helicobacter Pylori eradication Benign gastric ulceration GORD Severe oesophagitis
82
Omeprazole mechanism of action
Omeprazole irreversibly inhibits the hydrogen potassium ATPase in gastric parietal cells. This significantly reduces gastric acid secretion.
83
Omeprazole adverse drug reaction
GI disturbance ( abdominal pain , constipation , diarrhoea ) Headache , dizziness Drowsiness / confusion
84
Omeprazole drug interactions
Clopidogrel ( as omeprazole is a CYP inhibitor ) Warfarin ( increases effects ) Phenytoin ( anti - epileptic )
85
Cyclizine drug class
Histamine 1 receptor antagonist
86
Cyclizine indications
Nausea Vomiting Vertigo Motion Sickness
87
Cyclizine mechanism of action
Cyclizine acts on the vestibular nuclei. It inhibits the histaminergic signals from the vestibular system to the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the medulla.
88
Cyclizine adverse drug reactions
Sedation Excitation Anti-Muscarinic - dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention Cardiac toxicity - long QT intervals
89
Metoclopramide drug class
Dopamine 2 receptor antagonist
90
Metoclopramide indications
Nausea Vomiting
91
Metoclopramide mechanism of action
Metoclopramide increases acetylcholine at Muscarinic receptors in the gut. This promotes gastric emptying as it increases the tone of the lower oesophageal sphincter and decreases tone of the pylorus. It also increases the tone and amplitude of the gastric contractions. This increases peristalsis.
92
Metoclopramide adverse drug reactions
Galactorrhoea Extra-pyramidal effects - dystopia and parkinsonism
93
Formoterol drug class
Long acting selective beta - 2 - agonist
94
Formoterol indications
Asthma COPD
95
Formoterol mechanism of action
Formoterol binds to beta 2 receptors causing dilation of bronchial smooth muscle and relaxation of airways
96
Formoterol adverse drug reactions
tachycardia, palpitations, anxiety and tremor Increased glycogenolysis Increased renin synthesis
97
Formoterol drug interactions
beta blockers may reduce the effects of a beta agonist
98
Apixaban drug class
Direct factor Xa acting oral anticoagulants
99
Apixaban indications
DVT PE
100
Apixaban mechanism of action
Apixaban inhibits both free Xa and that bound with ATIII, do not directly effect thrombin (IIa) - hepatic metabolism and excreted partly by kidneys
101
Apixaban adverse drug reaction
Bleeding
102
Apixaban drug interactions
Less frequent interactions than warfarin but affected by CYP inhibitors and inducers [plasma] reduced by carbamazepine, phenytoin and barbiturates [plasma] increased by macrolides
103
Co-amoxiclav drug class
Penicillin
104
Co-amoxiclav indications
Infections where amoxicllin cant be given alone
105
Co-amoxiclav mechanism of action
Amoxicillin alongside clavulanic acid is used as some bacteria have an enzyme beta lactamase which breaks down Beta-lactam’s molecular structure and clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Therefore this issue is removed.
106
Co-amoxiclav adverse drug reactions
Diarrhoea Nausea Vomiting
107
Dalteparin drug class
Low molecular weight heparin
108
Dalteparin indications
DVT PE Acute coronary syndromes
109
Dalteparin mechanism of action
Dalteparin inhibits factor Xa due to it increasing activity of anti thrombin III.
110
Dalteparin adverse drug reactions
bruising and bleeding Heparin induced thrombocytopenia Hyperkalaemia Osteoporosis
111
Dalteparin drug interactions
other anti thrombotic drugs ACEi and ARBs Amiloride Spironolactone

CPT Drugs (9 decks)

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