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VM638: Parasitology > Dogs & Cats: Dipylidium caninum, Taenia spp., Sarcocystis spp., Spirocerca lupi, Physaloptera spp., and Strongyloides stercoralis (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Dogs & Cats: Dipylidium caninum, Taenia spp., Sarcocystis spp., Spirocerca lupi, Physaloptera spp., and Strongyloides stercoralis (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Dipylidium caninum taxonomy

A

Cestoda
Tapeworms

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2
Q

Dipylidium caninum distribution

A

worldwide

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3
Q

Dipylidium caninum location in host

A

small intestine

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4
Q

Dipylidium caninum diagnostics

A

Fecal flotation and/or squash prep
Each egg contains hexacanth embryo

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5
Q

Dipylidium caninum morphology

A

Proglottids
Bilateral pores
Cucumber seed shaped
Each proglottid has two sets of reproductive organs and a genital pore on each side
Armed rostellum and 4 suckers

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6
Q

Dipylidium caninum life cycle (words)

A

Indirect
Flea intermediate host (or louse)
Gravid proglottids shed into environment
Arthropod contains a cysticercoid (when ingested, the cysticercoid is liberated and attaches to the DH intestine to complete development

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7
Q

Dipylidium caninum life cycle (photo)

A
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8
Q

Dipylidium caninum prevalance

A

Variable
Often dependent on likely flea ingestion

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9
Q

Dipylidium caninum environmental factors

A

persist in environment under certain conditions

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10
Q

Dipylidium caninum clinical signs

A

typically asymptomatic

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11
Q

Dipylidium caninum treatment

A

Praziquantel and epsiprantel
Heartworm preventatives, flea control

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12
Q

Dipylidium caninum zoonotic?

A

Yes

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13
Q

Taenia spp. taxonomy

A

Cestoda
Tapeworms

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14
Q

Taenia spp. distribution

A

everywhere

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15
Q

Taenia spp. location in host

A

Small intestine

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16
Q

Taenia spp. morphology

A

Eggs contain an embryo with six hooks (hexacanth embryo)
Eggs of Taenia spp. indistinguishable from echinococcus spp.

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17
Q

Taenia spp. lifecycle

A

“Cyclophyllidean” tapeworms
Indirect life cycle
Proglottids containing eggs are shed into environment, when vertebrate intermediate host consumes the tapeworm eggs larval cysts develop, definitive host is infected when the larval cysts are ingested while scavenging (larval stages = metacestode = cysticercus, coenurus, strobilocercus)
Mammals serve as intermediate hosts

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18
Q

Taenia spp. pathogenesis

A

Rarely pathogenic

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19
Q

Taenia spp. treatment and prevention

A

Prevent predation
Treated with praziquantel or epsiprantel

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20
Q

Taenia spp. public health implications

A

Zoonotic risk low for species found in dogs and cats
Taenia solium and Taenia saginata are zoonotic

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21
Q

Cysticercosis importance

A

Virtually every organ can harbor cysticerci of T. solium
Subcutaneous connective tissues most common, followed by eye, brain, muscles, ect

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22
Q

What are other tapeworms that show up in small animals?

A

Diphyllobothrium sp
Echinococcus sp.
Spirometra sp.

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23
Q

Sarcocystis spp. taxonomy

A

Protozoan
Apicomplexan

24
Q

Sarcocystis spp. distribution

A

worldwide

25
Q

Sarcocystis spp. location in host

A

Small intestine
Generally of low significance

26
Q

Sarcocystis spp. life cycle (words)

A

Definitive host: oocysts sporulate in lamina propria and wall breaks down during passage in intestine (common for sporocysts to pass in feces)
Sarcocysts or “Meischer’s tubules” seen in muscle tissue fibers
Heteroxenous life cycle with herbivore intermediate host (harbor tissue cysts!!)
Carnivorous definitive host

27
Q

Sarcocystis spp. life cycle (image)

A
28
Q

Spirocerca lupi taxonomy

A

Nematoda

29
Q

Spirocerca lupi distribution

A

Tropical and subtropical regions

30
Q

Spirocerca lupi location in host

A

Esophagus, stomach

31
Q

Spirocerca lupi morphology

A

Spirally coiled adults
Eggs have thick shells, larvated when passed in feces
Paper clip eggs!!

32
Q

Spirocerca lupi life cycle

A

L3 are liberated upon ingestion, penetrate the stomach wall, and enter circulation; 3 months later they migrate to esophagus and induce granuloma formation in which they develop to adults (eggs may not be seen in fecal with adult infections where granulomas have no openings to the lumen of the esophagus)

33
Q

Spirocerca lupi definitive, intermediate, and paratenic hosts

A

Definitive: dog, fox, wild canids +/- cats and wild felids
Intermediate: beetles
Paratenic: rodents, birds, insectivores, reptiles

34
Q

Spirocerca lupi prevalence

A

Variable, but can approach 100% in endemic regions
May be related to prevalence of paratenic hosts

35
Q

Spirocerca lupi pathogenesis and clinical signs

A

Migrating larvae cause hemorrhage, scarring, and fibrotic nodules in internal wall of aorta
Esophageal granulomas
Dysphagia, vomiting, regional inflammation
Esophageal osteosarcoma (may be highly invasive)
Many dogs have no clinical signs even with aortic lesions and esophageal granulomas

36
Q

Spirocerca lupi treatment

A

Rarely practical

37
Q

Physaloptera spp. taxonomy

A

Nematoda

38
Q

Physaloptera spp. geographic distribution

A

China, africa, north and south america

39
Q

Physaloptera spp. location in host

A

Stomach

40
Q

Physaloptera spp. morphology

A

Adults: stout, resemble ascarids, little hat
Eggs: larvated with thick, clear shell

41
Q

Physaloptera spp. definitive and intermediate hosts

A

Definitive: cats, wild felids, occasionally dogs
Intermediate: beetles, cockroaches, crickets

42
Q

Physaloptera spp. prevalence

A

Variable based on region
Prevalence depends on intensity of intermediate hosts
More prevalent in outdoor cats

43
Q

Physaloptera spp. pathogenesis/clinical signs

A

Adults have small teeth that when attached to the gastric mucosa leave small ulcers (bleed when parasites move to new spots)
May se catarrhal gastritis and emesis +/- blood in feces
Vomiting and anorexia in heavy infections

44
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis taxonomy

A

Nematode

45
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis distribution

A

worldwide

46
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis location in host

A

Small intestine

47
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis diagnosis

A

Baermann technique (pass larvae to external environment)
Serodiagnosis by ELISA for antigens

48
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis morphology

A

Free-living and parasitic phases of life cycle
L1 passed in feces (called “rhabditiform” larvae)
L3 known as filariform larvae (are infectious) and will not develop until encounter with definitive host

49
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis life cycle

A
50
Q

What is special about the Strongyloides stercoralis life cycle?

A

May undergo a process known as “autoinfections”
Normally autpomfection is kept in check by immune system
Immunocompromised hosts can lead to hyperinfection (overwhelming and life threatening)

51
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis life cycle

A

Produce thin-shelled, partially embryonated eggs
Eggs typically hatch as they pass through the GI tract
Usually L1s are passed in the feces of mammals
Juveniles can develop into free-living adults or become infective filariform L3s
Free living adults can produce successive generations of free-living adults

52
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis transmission dynamics

A

Homogonic and heterogonic cycles dependent on ambient temperatures
May become infective juveniles or may molt to L4 and become free-living females (developmental switch occurs during L1)
Usually infected through contacting juveniles in contaminated soil or water
Transmammary infection in dogs, people
Prevalent in conditions of poor sanitation

53
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis clinical signs

A

Often infection is inapparent
Effects may be invasive, pulmonary, intestinal
Penetration of skin: hemorrhage, swelling, pruritis, inflammation

54
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis pathogenesis

A

Migration
Damage to lung tissue –> pulmonary eosinophilic lung infiltrates = wheezing, burning, non-productive cough (may be mistaken for asthma)
Worms may migrate randomly in intestinal mucosa –> may deposit eggs and repeatedly burrow and exit the epithelial layer
Destruction of tissues by adults and larval forms can result in sloughing of GI mucosa = fibrosis, septicemia, intestinal ulceration

55
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis potential for progression

A

May be asymptomatic and then develop severe disease later
Chronic infection may lead to relapsing colitis
Fatal hyperinfection (immunocompromised)

56
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis zoonotic?

A

May contribute to cutaneous larval migrans in humans

VM638: Parasitology (22 decks)

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