Domain 1: Basic and Applied Sciences and Nutritional Concepts Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
Nervous system
A
communication network within
the body
2
Q
Central Nervous system
A
brain and spinal cord; coordinates activity of the body.
3
Q
Peripheral nervous system
A
nerves connecting the CNS to the rest of the body and
environment
4
Q
Somatic (Peripheral nervous system subdivisions)
A
serves outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle; voluntary
5
Q
Autonomic (Peripheral nervous system subdivisions)
A
involuntary systems (e.g., heart, digestion)
6
Q
Parasympathetic (Autonomic subdivisions)
A
decreases activation during rest and recovery
7
Q
Sympathetic (Autonomic subdivisions)
A
increases activation to prep for activity.
8
Q
Neuron
A
functional unit of the nervous system.
9
Q
Motor (efferent) neuron
A
transmit nerve impulses from CNS to effector sites.
10
Q
Sensory (afferent) neurons
A
respond to stimuli; transmit nerve impulses from effector sites to CNS.
11
Q
Mechanoreceptors—
A
sense distortion in body tissues. (physical change)
12
Q
Joint receptors
A
respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of joints
13
Q
Golgi tendon organs (GTO)
A
sense changes in muscular tension.
14
Q
Muscle spindles
A
sense changes in muscle length
15
Q
The Muscular System (Tendon)
A
connect muscle to bone; provide anchor for muscles to produce force.
16
Q
The Muscular system (fascia)
A
outer layer of connective tissue surrounding a
muscle
17
Q
Fascicles
A
bundle of individual muscle fibers
18
Q
Muscle fiber
A
cellular components and myofibrils encased in a plasma membrane
19
Q
Sarcomere
A
produces muscular contraction; repeating sections of actin and myosin
20
Q
Sliding filament theory
A
thick and thin filaments slide past one another, shortening the entire sarcomere
21
Q
Type I (slow twitch) muscle tissue
A
smaller size; fatigue slowly- They contain more capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin than type II muscle fibers.
22
Q
Type II (fast twitch) muscle tissue
A
larger size; quick to produce maximal tension; fatigue quickly.
23
Q
Motor unit
A
one motor neuron and the muscle fibers it connects with
24
Q
Neural activation
A
contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation.
25
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that transport impulses from nerve to muscle.
26
Local stabilization system
(T.I.M. Paid. Derrick) ➡️ T. I. M. D
attach directly to vertebrae.
Consists of: Transverse abdominis, Internal oblique, Multifidus, Pelvic floor Diaphragm.
27
Global stabilization system
attach from pelvis to spine.
Consists of: quadratus lumborum, psoas major, external oblique, rectus abdominis, gluteus medius,
adductor complex, portions of internal oblique
28
Movement system
attach spine and/or pelvis to extremities. Consists of: latissimus dorsi, hip flexors, hamstring complex, quadriceps
29
Axial skeleton
skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
30
Appendicular skeleton
upper and lower extremities, shoulder and pelvic girdles
31
Skeletal system functions
supports, protects, allows bodily movement, produces blood, stores minerals
32
Depressions
flattened or indented portions of a bone; can
| be muscle attachment sites
33
Process
projection protruding from a bone; muscles,
| tendons, and ligaments can attach.
34
Ligaments
connects bone to bone; little blood supply; slow
| to heal
35
Arthrokinematics
joint motion
36
Non-synovial joints
no joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage; little to no movement.
37
Synovial Joints
held together by joint capsule and ligaments; associated with movement.
38
Major motion types
—roll, slide, and spin
39
Important joint types to know (Hinge)
—elbows, ankles; sagittal plane movement
40
Important joint types to know: (Ball-and-socket)
shoulders, hips; most mobile, all three planes of motion.
41
Weight-bearing exercise
the best method to strengthen bones.
42
Endocrine system
system of glands; secretes hormones to regulate bodily function
43
Testosterone
responsible for male sex traits.
44
Estrogen
—influences fat deposition on hips, buttocks, and thighs; responsible for female sex traits
45
Growth hormone
—anabolic hormone; responsible for bodily growth up until puberty.
46
Insulin
regulates energy and glucose metabolism in the body.
47
Cardiorespiratory system
cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
48
Cardiovascular system
heart, blood, and blood vessels.
49
Cardiac muscle
shorter, more tightly connected than skeletal muscle; involuntary.
50
Atria
smaller, superior chambers of the heart; receive blood from veins
51
Right atrium
gathers deoxygenated blood returning to the heart.
52
Left atrium
gathers oxygenated blood from the lungs
53
Sinoatrial (SA) nod
located in right atrium; initiates impulse for heart rate; “pacemaker for the heart”.
54
Ventricles
larger, inferior chambers of the heart; pump blood out
55
Right ventricle
pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
56
Left ventricle
pumps oxygenated blood to the body.
57
Arteries
carry blood away from the heart.
58
Veins
transport blood back to the heart
59
Arterioles
small branches of arteries; end in capillaries
60
Capillaries
smallest blood vessels; site of gas, chemical, and water exchange.
61
Venules
very small veins; connect capillaries to larger veins
62
Stroke volume
amount of blood pumped with each contraction
63
Heart rate
the rate at which the heart pumps; average untrained adult = 70-80 bpm
64
Cardiac output
volume of blood pumped per minute; heart rate × stroke volume.
65
Respiratory system
lungs and respiratory passageways; brings in oxygen, removes CO2.
66
Inspiration
contracting inspiratory muscles to move air into lungs.
67
Inspiratory muscles (Primary)
diaphragm, external intercostals.
68
Inspiratory muscles (Secondary)
scalenes, pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid
69
Expiration
relaxing inspiratory muscles (passive), contracting expiratory muscles (active) to move air out.
Expiratory muscles—internal intercostals, abdominals
70
Resting oxygen consumption (VO2)
—3.5 ml × kg-1 × min-1 = 1 metabolic equivalent (MET)
71
Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)
highest rate of oxygen transport and utilization achieved at maximal physical exertion.
72
Abnormal breathing patterns
associated with stress and anxiety; may result in headaches, fatigue, poor circulation, and/or poor sleep patterns.
73
Cardiorespiratory exercise: (Increases)
cardiac output, breathing efficiency, oxygen transport, use of fats for fuel, mental alertness, ability to relax and sleep, tolerance to stress, lean body mass, metabolic rate
74
Cardiorespiratory exercise (Decrease)
resting heart rate, cholesterol, blood pressure, and the risks of heart disease, blood clots, depression, anxiety, obesity, and diabetes
75
Bioenergetics and Exercise Metabolism(Bio-energetic)
study of energy in the human body.
76
Metabolism
process in which nutrients are acquired, transported, used, and disposed of by the body
77
Aerobic
requires oxygen
78
Anaerobic
without oxygen.
79
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
energy storage and transfer unit within cells.
80
Anaerobic threshold
where the body can no longer produce enough energy with normal oxygen intake
81
Excess post oxygen consumption (EPOC)
elevation of metabolism after exercise.
82
Superior (Anatomic locations )
above a point of reference.
83
Inferior (Anatomic locations )
below a point of reference
84
Proximal (Anatomic locations)
nearest to a point of reference.
85
Distal (Anatomic locations )
farthest from a point of reference
86
Anterior (Anatomic locations)
front of the body.
87
Posterior (Anatomic locations)
back of the body.
88
Medial (Anatomic locations)
closer to the middle of the body
89
Lateral (Anatomic locations)
farther from the middle of the body
90
Contralatera (Anatomic locations)
on the opposite side of the body.
91
Ipsilatera (Anatomic locations)
on the same side of the body.
92
Planes of Motion (Frontal)
Adduction/abduction
Lateral flexion
Eversion/inversion
Examples: Side lateral raise, side lunge, side shuffle
93
Plane of Motion (Sagital)
Flexion/extension
Examples:Biceps curl, triceps pushdown, squat
94
Plane of Motion (Transverse)
Rotation, Horizontal adduction/abduction
Examples: Throwing, golfing, swinging a bat, trunk rotation
95
Flexion
bending movement; decreases relative angle between segments.
96
Extension
straightening movement; increases relative angle between segments.
97
Plantarflexion
extension at the ankle.
98
Dorsiflexion
flexion at the ankle
99
Abduction
movement in the frontal plane away from the middle
100
Adduction
movement in the frontal plane toward the middle.
101
Horizontal abduction
transverse plane arm movement from anterior to lateral (e.g. chest flies).
102
Horizontal adduction
transverse plane arm movement from lateral to anterior.
103
Internal rotation
rotation toward the middle of the body.
104
External rotation
rotation away from the middle of the body.
105
Isometric
muscular force equal to resistive force, stabilizes force; no change in muscle length.
106
Length-tension relationship
resting length of a muscle and the tension it can produce at that length
107
Force-couple
Muscles working together to produce movement
108
Neuromuscular efficiency
ability to produce and reduce force, and stabilize the
| kinetic chain in all three planes of motion
109
Structural efficiency
alignment of the musculoskeletal system that allows center of gravity to be maintained over a base of support
110
Davis’s law
soft tissue models along the lines of stress.
111
Altered reciprocal inhibition
muscle inhibition caused by a tight agonist, which inhibits its functional antagonist.
112
Stabilization (OPT Model) Level 1
ability to maintain postural equilibrium and support joints during movement.
113
Strength (OPT Model) Level 2
ability of the neuromuscular system to produce internal tension to overcome an external force.
114
Strength endurance (OPT Model) Phase 1
ability to repeatedly produce high levels of force for prolonged periods
115
Muscular hypertrophy (OPT Model) Phase 3
enlargement of skeletal muscle fibers from resistance training.
116
Maximal strength (OPT Model) Phase 4
maximal force a muscle can produce in a single voluntary effort
117
Power (OPT Model) Phase 5 / Level 3
ability to produce the greatest force in the shortest time.
