Domain 1: Basic & Applied Sciences & Nutritional Concepts Flashcards by Carrie Bishop

Division of Peripheral system that serves outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle; voluntary.

Somatic

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Division of peripheral nervous system that serves involuntary systems (heart, digestion, etc).

Autonomic

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Decreases activation of involuntary systems during rest and recovery.

Parasympathetic

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Increases activation of involuntary systems to prep for activity.

Sympathetic

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Transmits nerve impulses from CNS to effector sites.

Motor (efferent) neurons

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Responds to stimuli; transmits nerve impulses from effector sites to CNS.

Sensory (afferent) neurons

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Sense distortion in body tissues.

Mechanoreceptors

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Responds to pressure, acceleration and deceleration of joints.

Joint receptors

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Senses changes in muscular tension.

Golgi tendon organs (GTO)

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Senses changes in muscle length.

Muscle spindles

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Smaller size; fatigue slowly.

Type 1 (slow twitch) muscle tissue

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Larger size; quick to produce maximal tension; fatigue quickly.

Type 2 (fast twitch) muscle tissue

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Chemical messengers that transport impulses from nerve to muscle.

Neurotransmitters

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Attach directly to vertebrae.

Consists of: transverse abdominis, internal oblique, multifisus, pelvic floor, diaphragm.

Local stabilization system

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Attach from pelvis to spine.

Consists of: quadratics lumborum, psoas major, external oblique, recurs abdominis, gluteus medius, adductor complex, portions of internal oblique.

Global stabilization system

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Attach spine and/or pelvis to extremities.

Consists of: latissimus dorsi, hip flexors, hamstring complex, quadriceps.

Movement system

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Joint motion.

Arthrokinematics

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No joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage; little to no movement.

Non-synovial joints

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Held together by joint capsule and ligaments; associated with movement.

Synovial joints

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System of glands; secretes hormones to regulate bodily function.

Endocrine system

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Anabolic hormone; responsible for bodily growth up until puberty.

Growth hormone

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Regulates energy and glucose metabolism in the body.

Insulin

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Shorter, more tightly connected than skeletal muscle; involuntary.

Cardiac muscle

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Smaller, superior chambers of the heart; receive blood from veins.

Atria

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Gathers deoxygenated blood returning to the heart.

Right atrium

Gathers oxygenated blood from the lungs.

Left atrium

Located in the right atrium; initiates impulse for heart rate; “pacemaker for the heart”.

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Larger, inferior chambers of the heart; pump blood out.

Ventricles

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Right ventricle

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

Left ventricle

Carries blood away from the heart.

Arteries

Transports blood back to the heart.

Veins

Small branches of arteries; end in capillaries.

Arterioles

Smallest blood vessels; site of gas, chemical and water exchange.

Capillaries

Very small veins; connect capillaries to larger veins.

Venules

The amount of blood pumped with each contraction.

Stroke volume

The rate at which the heart pumps; average untrained adult = 70-80 bpm.

Heart rate

Volume of blood pumped per minute; heart rate x stroke volume.

Cardiac output

Diaphragm, external intercostal are ____________ inspiratory muscles.

Primary

Scalene, pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid are ___________ inspiratory muscles.

Secondary

Cardiorespiratory exercise ________________ cardiac output, breathing efficiency, oxygen transport & use, use of fats for fuel, mental alertness, ability to relax & sleep, tolerance to stress, lean body mass, metabolic rate.

Increases

Cardiorespiratory exercise _____________ resting heart rate, cholesterol, blood pressure, risk of heart disease, blood clots, depression, anxiety, obesity, & diabetes.

Decreases

Energy System Anaerobic High-intensity Lasts 10-15 seconds

ATP-PC

Energy System Anaerobic Moderate-to-high intensity Up to 30-50 seconds

Glycolysis

Energy System Aerobic glycolysis Kreb’s cycle Electron transport chain Long-term energy

Oxidative

Anatomic Locations Above a point of reference.

Superior

Anatomic Locations Below a point of reference

Inferior

Anatomic Locations Nearest to a point of reference.

Proximal

Anatomic Locations Farthest from a point of reference.

Distal

Anatomic Locations Front of the body.

Anatomic Locations Back of the body.

Posterior

Anatomic Locations Closer to the middle of the body.

Medial

Anatomic Locations Farther from the middle of the body.

Lateral

Anatomic Locations On the opposite side of the body.

Contralateral

Anatomic Locations On the same side of the body.

Ipsilateral

Moving in the opposite direction of force, accelerates or produces force; muscle shortens.

Concentric

Muscle develops tension while lengthening; decelerates force.

Eccentric

Muscular force equal to resistive force, stabilizes force; no change in muscle length.

Isometric

Resting length of a muscle and the tension it can produce at that length.

Length-tension relationship

Muscles working together to produce movement.

Force-couple

As the velocity of a contraction increases, concentric force decreases and eccentric force increases.

Force-velocity curve

The ability to produce and reduce force, and stabilize the kinetic chain in all 3 planes of motion.

Neuromuscular efficiency

Neural impulses that sense tension are greater than the impulses that cause muscles to contract; provides inhibitory effect to muscle spindles.

Autogenic inhibition

Simultaneous contraction of one muscle, and relaxation of its antagonist to allow movement.

Reciprocal inhibition

Tendency of the body to seek the other of least resistance.

Relative flexibility

Predictable patterns of muscle imbalances.

Postural distortion patterns

Muscle inhibition caused by a tight agonist, which inhibits its functional antagonist.

Altered reciprocal inhibition

Inappropriate muscle takes over function of a weak or inhibited prime mover.

Synergistic dominance

Alteration of muscle length surrounding a joint.

Muscle imbalance

The ability to maintain postural equilibrium and support joints during movement.

Stabilization

The ability of the neuromuscular system to produce internal tension to overcome an external force.

Strength

The ability to repeatedly produce high levels of force fro prolonged periods.

Strength endurance

The maximal force a muscle can produce in a single voluntary effort.

Maximal strength

The enlargement of skeletal muscle fibers from resistance training.

Muscular hypertrophy

The ability to produce the greatest force in the shortest time.

Power

Motor response to internal and external stimuli.

Motor behavior

How the CNS integrates sensory information with previous experiences.

Motor control

Integration of motor control processes through practice, leading to a relatively permanent change to produce skilled movement.

Motor learning

The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan.

Motor development

Cumulative sensory input from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movements.

Proprioception

Sugars, starches, cellulose and fiber; chief source of energy.

Carbohydrates

Complex carbohydrates; provides bulk in diet & intestinal health; regulates absorption of glucose.

Fiber

Simple sugar made by the body from carbs, fats and sometimes protein; main source of fuel.

Glucose

Complex carbohydrates used to store energy in liver and muscle tissue.

Glycogen

The rate carb sources raise blood sugar and the effect on insulin release. High = >70 Moderate = 56-69 Low = <55

Glycemic index

* Provides nutrition that fat and protein can’t. * Keeps glycogen stores full. * Helps maintain fluid balance. * Sores protein for building muscle.

Carbohydrates

Amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Protein

Cannot be manufactured by the body; must be obtained by food.

Essential amino acids

Can be manufactured by the body.

Nonessential amino acids

4 calories per gram

Protein | Carbohydrates

9 calories per gram.

Fats

Should be 10-35% of diet.

Protein

Should be 45-65% of diet. | 6-10g / kg / day

Carbohydrates

Should be 20-35% of total food intake.

Fats

Something that enhances athletic performance.

Ergogenic aid

Made in the body. | Can increase muscle mass, strength and anaerobic performance during exercise.

Creatine

Domain 1: Basic & Applied Sciences & Nutritional Concepts Flashcards

(96 cards)