Domain 1: Functional Anatomy and Biomechanics / Exercise Physiology Flashcards
Chapter 3, 4 38% of Written Examination
Types of Bones
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid
Long Bones
Found in limbs and digits- serve as levers for movement
Made up of
Diaphysis (Shaft)
Epiphyses (pl) or Ephiphysis(sing) (ENDS)
Articular cartilage covering each end b/w bone to illicit smooth movement
Periosteum covers entire bone for muscle attachement
Short Bones
Tarsals (ankles)
Carpals (wrists)
Mostly trabecular for light weight and strength
Flat Bones
Ribs
Ilia (Wings of Pelvis)
Scapulae (shoulder blades)
Serve as broad sites for muscle attachment and enclose cavities/protect internal organs
Mostly trabecular with thin cortical bone
Irregular Bones
Ischium (inferior Pelvis)
Pubis (anterior Pelvis)
Vertebrae (Spine)
Protect internal parts, support body, muscle attachments
Sesamoid Bones
Patella
Embedded within a tendon
Modifies the way a tendon crosses a joint
Ossification of bones
Starts at diaphysis of long bones, spreads toward epiphyses
Replacement of cartilage with bone during growth
Epiphyseal plates are growth areas where cartilage is replaced by bone; bone growth continues until they are completely ossified
Cortical Bones
Compact Bone
Dense, hard outer later
Surrounded by the Periosteum
Spongy Bone
Provides strength via a dense, lattice-like structure, without the weight of compact bone.
Planes of Movement
Planes:
- Sagittal: SIDES: Divides the body into RIGHT and LEFT sided segments
- Frontal: Divides the body into ANTERIOR and POSTERIOR Segments
- Transverse: T for TOP: Divides the body into upper and lower segments (top and bottom)
Axes of Movement
- Mediolateral (or horizantal) axis: Perpendicular to the Sagittal Plane. FLEXION and EXTENSION occur around this axis
- Anteroposterior axis: Perpendicular to FRONTAL Plane. ABDUCTION AND ADDUCTION occur around this access
- Longitudinal Axis: Perpendicular to the TRANSVERSE plane. INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ROTATION occur in this plane
Joints and Joint Movement
Joints are located where two or more bone meet (articulate)
Joints are classified according to their capacity for movement
Joint Movement is described in terms of how the distal segment (BELOW the joint) moves relative to the proximal segment (ABOVE the joint).
All Joint Movements are referenced from the anatomical position
Anatomical position occurs when the body stands in an erect position w/ arms at sides and palms facing forward
Types of Joints
- Synarthroidial
- Amphiarthroidial
- Diarthrodial
Synarthroidial Joints
SYN: without
- Bound together by fibrous tissue, continuous with periosteum.
- Sutures of the skull are examples of synarthrodial joints.
Amphiarthrodial Joints
- Allow only slight movement between bones.
- Bones are often separated by a disc, which is deformed with movement.
- Examples: tibiofibular, sacroiliac and vertebral joints.
Diarthrodial Joints
Also called SYNOVIAL joints. Don’t confuse with Synarthrodial
- Freely moveable, with great range of motion.
- Most joints involved in physical activity are synovial.
- Movement is facilitated by synovial fluid which is located in the joints
- Synovial joints are stabilized by strong ligaments, muscles and connective tissue.
- The joint is enclosed by articular capsules and are lined by synovial membranes which secrete fluids which lubricate the joint to nourish cartilage and reduce friction
- Menisci
- C-shaped discs b/w femur and tibia reduce the friction and provide shock absorption
- Bursae
- Sacs of synovial fluid b/w muscle and bone found in shoulder hip, elbow and knee that reduce friction an dprovide shock absorption
- Bursitis is a painful condition that affects the small, fluid-filled sacs — called bursae— that cushion the bones, tendons and muscles near your joints. Bursitis occurs when bursae become inflamed
- Menisci
Direction and ROM of Joints
- Determined primarily by the shape of bones at their articulating ends.
- Ball and socket joints (E.g. Hip) allow for a wide range and direction of movement.
- Hinge joints (e.g. Elbow) have limited ROM.
Limiting Factors:
- Length and elasticity of ligaments are secondary limiting factors.
- Muscle elasticity and/or tightness can limit functional joint ROM.
Joint Movements & their Planes and Axes of movement
•Flexion : brings distal and proximal segments together. Occurs in the SAGITTAL PLANE around the MEDIOLATERAL axis
Extension: Moves distal and proximal segments away from eachother. Occurs in the SAGITTAL PLANE around the MEDIOLATERAL axis
•Abduction : Moves a body segment AWAY from the midline (AB-Duction). Occurs in the FRONTAL/CORONAL plane around the ANTEROPOSTERIOR axis.
Adduction Moves a body segment TWOARD the midline (AD-Duction). Occurs in the FRONTAL/CORONAL plane around the ANTEROPOSTERIOR axis.
•Internal Rotation : Turns a body segment TOWARD the midline. Occurs in the TRANSVERSE Plane about the LONGITUDINAL axis
External Rotation: Turns a body segment AWAY from the midline. Occurs in the TRANSVERSE Plane about the LONGITUDINAL axis
•Supination : Turning the palms upward
Pronation: Turning the palms downward
•Inversion : Lifting the inner edge of the foot, ITTY BITTY toe on ground
Eversion: Lifting the outter edge of the foot, BIG toe on the gound
•Plantar Flexion: Pointing the toes downard from the ankle
Dorsiflexion Lifting the toes toward the shin from the ankle
Movements of the Shoulder Joint
Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension
AB-duction
AD-duction
External Rotation
Internal Rotation
Movements of the Elbow Joint
Radioulnar Joint Movements
Supination
Pronation
Wrist Joint Movements
Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension
Radial Flexion
Ulnar Flexion
Vertebral Column Movements
Flexion
Hyperextension
Lateral flexion to the RIGHT?lkeft
Rotation to the Right/Left
Lubosacral Joint Movements
Neutral spine
Backward pelvic tilt (Posterior)
Forward belfic tilt (Anterior)
Hip Joint Movements
Flexion
Extension
Ab-duction
Ad-duction
External Rotation
Internal Rotation
Knee Joint Movements
Flexion
Extension
Intertarsal Joint Movements
Eversion
Inversion
Ankle Joint Movements
Dorsiflexion
Plantar Flexion
Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Single Muscle Fiber - Made up of sacolemma, sarcoplasm, myofibril and myofilaments
- Fascicles: Bundles of fibers grouped together.
- Perimysium: Surrounds the fascicles.
- Epimysium: Encases the entire muscle.
- Tendon:–passive part of muscle made up of tough elastic tissue.–attaches muscle to bone.
Concentric Muscle Action
- Muscle shortening phase.
- Muscles bring body segments closer.
- Muscles must develop enough force to overcome the resistance of gravity.
- Movements done opposite the pull of gravity are concentric.
Eccentric Muscle Action
- Eccentric actions occur in the direction of gravity.
- Muscle contraction resists the pull of gravity to control the speed of movement.
- The muscle lengthens as it produces less force than the force of gravity.
Muscle Groups at Each Joint:
Axial Skeleton
JOINT: VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Thoracic and Lumbar Areas
- Flexors: Rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique
- Extensors: Erector Spinae Group
- Rotators: Internal Oblique, external oblique erector spinae, Roratores, multifidus
- Lateral Flexors: Internal Oblique, external Oblique, quadratus, lumborum, multifidis, rotatores (assistant mover- rector spinae group)
Muscle Groups at Each Joint:
Axial Skeleton
JOINT: LUMBOSACRAL JOINT
Thoracic and Lumbar Areas
- Anterior Pelvic Tilters- Iliopsoas (assistance mover rectus femoris)
- Posterior Pelvic Tilters - Rectus abdominis, internal oblique (assistance movers external oblique, gluetus maxiumus)
Muscle Groups at Each Joint:
Appendicular Skeleton - Upper Extremity
JOINT: SHOULDER GIRDLE
AKA Scapulothoracic Joint
- Protractors: Serratus Anterior, Pectoralis Minor
- Retractors: Middle fibers of trapezius, rhomboids (Assistant movers: upper and lower fibers of trapezius)
- Upward Rotators: Upper and lower fibers of trapezius, Serratus Anterior
- Downward Rotators: Rhomboids, Pectoralis Major
- Elevators: Levator Scapulae, upper fibers of trapezius rhomboids
- Depressors: Lower fibers of trapezius, pectoralis Minor
Muscle Groups at Each Joint:
Appendicular Skeleton - Upper Extremity
JOINT: SHOULDER JOINT
AKA GLENOHUMERAL JOINT
- Flexors: Anterior Deltoid, Clavicular portion of Pectoralis major (assistance mover: short head of biceps bracchi
- Extensors: Sternal portion of Pectoralis Major, latissimus dorsi, teres major (Assistance movers: posterior deltoid, long head of triceps brachii, infraspinatus, teres minor)
- AB-ductors: Middle deltoid, supraspinatus (anterior deltoid, long head of biceps brachii)
- AD-Ductors: Latissimus dorsi, teres major, sternal portion of pectoralis major (Assistance movers short head of biceps bracchi, long head of triceps brachii)
- External Rotators: Infraspinitis, teres minor (assistance mover: posterior deltoid)
- Internal Rotators: Pectoralis major, subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, teres major (assistance movers: anterior deltoid, supraspinatus)
- Horizantal Adductors: Both portions of the pectoralis major, anterior deltoid
- Horizantal AB-ductors: latissimus dorsi, teres major, inprasinatus, teres minor, posterior deltoid
Muscle Groups at Each Joint:
Appendicular Skeleton - Upper Extremity
JOINT: ELBOW JOINT
- Flexors: Brachialis, biceps brachii, brachioradialis (assistance movers pronator teres, flexor carpi ulnaris, radialis)
- Extensors: Triceps brachii (assistance movers anconeus, extensor carpi ulnaris, radialis
Muscle Groups at Each Joint:
Appendicular Skeleton - Upper Extremity
JOINT: RADIOULNAR JOINT
- Pronators: Pronator Quadratus, pronator teres, brachioradialis
- Supinators: Supinator, biceps brachii, bracioradialis
Muscle Groups at Each Joint:
Appendicular Skeleton - Upper Extremity
JOINT: WRIST JOINT
- Flexors: Flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis, (assistance mobers: flexor digtorum sperficialis and profundus)
- Extensors: Extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis (asstance mover extensor pollicis)
- Abdouctors (radial flexors) - Flexor Carpi Radialis, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis (assistant mover extensor pollicis)
- Adductors (ulnar flexors): Flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi ulnaris
Muscle Groups at Each Joint:
Appendicular Skeleton - Upper Extremity
JOINT: METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT
- Flexors: flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digtorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, flexor pollicuis brevis, flexor digiti minimi, interossei, lumbricals
- Extensors: Extensor digitorum, extensor indicis, extensor digiti minimi, extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, interossei
- Abductors: interossei
- Adductors: interossei
Muscle Groups at Each Joint:
Appendicular Skeleton - Lower Extremity
JOINT: HIP JOINT
- Flexors: Ileopsoas, pectineus, rectus femoris (Assistance movers sartorius, tensor fasciae latae, gracilis, adductor longus and brevis)
- Extensors: Gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, semitendinosis, semimembranosus
- Abductors: Gluteus Medius (assistance movers tensor fasciae latae, iliopsoas, sartorius)
- Internal Rotators: Gluteus maximus, the six deep exernal rotator muscles (assistance movers: iliopsoas, sartorius)
- Extermnal Rotators: Gluteus minimus, gluteus medius (assistance movers: tensor fasciae latae, pectineus)
Muscle Groups at Each Joint:
Appendicular Skeleton - Lower Extremity
JOINT: KNEE JOINT
- Flexors: Biceps Femoris, semitendinosis, semimembranosus (assitance movers: sartorius, gracillis, gastrocnemius, plantaris)
- Extensors: rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius
Muscle Groups at Each Joint:
Appendicular Skeleton - Lower Extremity
JOINT: ANKLE JOINT
- PLANTAR Flexors: Gastrocnemius, soleus (assistance movers: peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum, flexor hallucis longus)
- DORSIFLEXORS: Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, peroneus tertius (assistance mover extensor hallucis longus)
Muscle Groups at Each Joint:
Appendicular Skeleton - Lower Extremity
JOINT: SUBTALAR JOINT
- Invertors: Tibilalis anterior, tibalis posterior (extensor and flexor hallucis longus, flexor digtorum longus)
- Evertors - extensor digtorum longus, peroneus brevis, preoneus longus, peroneus tertius
Stability
- Stability: ability to maintain a stable, balanced position after a disruption of balance.
- Center of gravity must fall within base of support.
- Changing foot and body positions alters the base of support and center of gravity.
- A wide base of support and a lower body position increase stability.
- A narrow base of support and an elongated body position reduce stability.
TORQUE
An Expression of Rotational Force
- The limbs act as levers that rotate around joints, acting as fulcra.
- The farther a resistance is from the axis of rotation, the greater the torque necessary to produce movement. To modify, drop weight or make lever shorter
- Torque is the product of the magnitude of force (F) and the force arm (FA).
- T = F x FA
RESISTANCE TORQUE
- When 2 forces produce rotation in opposite directions (gravity and muscle contraction), one is the resistance force (R) and its force arm is called the resistance arm (RA).
- Force generated by R x RA is called resistance torque (TR). TR= R x RA
- During exercise, the force arm (FA) is the perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to the direction of application of that force.
- The resistance arm (RA) is the distance from the axis of rotation to the center of gravity of the moving limb.
Torque and Exercise
In considering torque produced by a MUSCLE to cause MOVEMENT against GRAVITY or some other external force:
F and FA are designated for the MUSCLE and
R and RA are designated for GRAVITY or the opposing foces (weights)
- During exercise, the force arm (FA) is the perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to the direction of application of that force.
- The resistance arm (RA) is the distance from the axis of rotation to the center of gravity of the moving limb.
- Holding a dumbbell lengthens the resistance arm by moving the center of gravity away from the axis of rotation.
- The longer the resistance arm, the more torque is necessary to produce movement.
- Torque varies as a limb moves through the joint’s range of motion, due to change in the length of FA.
Modifications of Resistive Torque
TR can be increased by adding external weight so tht greater muscle force is required to overcome it
TR can be changed by altering the position of the body parts
E.g. Adding or removing weight. Bringing weight closer or further away from you.
E.g. When doing a crunch, the position of the arms determines the length of the RA and the amount of TR against which the abdominal muscles have to work to flext the drink and lift the shoulders off the floor. The arms held at the side bring the upper-body mass closer to the axis of rotation and reduce the requried uscle force. Raising the arms with the hands on back of the head or straight out overhead increases the Tr and the muscle force required.
