Domain 4 - Communication & Network Security

Question 1

Gary wants to distribute a large file and prefers a peer-to-peer
CDN. Which of the following is the most common example of
this type of technology?
A. CloudFlare
B. BitTorrent
C. Amazon CloudFront
D. Akamai Edge

Answer 1

B. BitTorrent

B. BitTorrent is an example of a peer-to-peer (P2P) content
delivery network. It is commonly used for legitimate purposes to
distribute large files like Linux ISOs and other freely distributed
software packages and files in addition to its less legitimate uses.
CloudFlare, CloudFront, and Akamai’s Edge are all hosted
CDNs.

Question 2

During a security assessment of a wireless network, Jim
discovers that LEAP is in use on a network using WPA. What
recommendation should Jim make?
A. Continue to use LEAP. It provides better security than TKIP for WPA networks.
B. Use an alternate protocol like PEAP or EAP-TLS and implement WPA2 if supported.
C. Continue to use LEAP to avoid authentication issues, but move to WPA2.
D. Use an alternate protocol like PEAP or EAP-TLS, and implement Wired Equivalent Privacy to avoid wireless security issues.

Answer 2

B. Use an alternate protocol like PEAP or EAP-TLS and implement WPA2 if supported.

B. LEAP, the Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol, is
a Cisco proprietary protocol designed to handle problems with
TKIP. Unfortunately, LEAP has significant security issues as
well and should not be used. Any modern hardware should
support WPA2 and technologies like PEAP or EAP-TLS. Using
WEP, the predecessor to WPA and WPA2, would be a major step
back in security for any network.

Question 3

Ben has connected his laptop to his tablet PC using an 802.11ac
connection. What wireless network mode has he used to connect
these devices?
A. Infrastructure mode
B. Wired extension mode
C. Ad hoc mode
D. Standalone mode

Answer 3

C. Ad hoc mode

C. Ben is using ad hoc mode, which directly connects two
clients. It can be easy to confuse this with standalone mode,
which connects clients using a wireless access point but not to
wired resources like a central network. Infrastructure mode
connects endpoints to a central network, not directly to each
other. Finally, wired extension mode uses a wireless access point
to link wireless clients to a wired network.

Question 4

Selah’s and Nick’s PCs simultaneously send traffic by
transmitting at the same time. What network term describes the
range of systems on a network that could be affected by this
same issue?
A. The subnet
B. The supernet
C. A collision domain
D. A broadcast domain

Answer 4

C. A collision domain

C. A collision domain is the set of systems that could cause a
collision if they transmitted at the same time. Systems outside a
collision domain cannot cause a collision if they send at the
same time. This is important, as the number of systems in a
collision domain increases the likelihood of network congestion
due to an increase in collisions. A broadcast domain is the set of
systems that can receive a broadcast from each other. A subnet
is a logical division of a network, while a supernet is made up of
two or more networks

Question 5

Sarah is manually reviewing a packet capture of TCP traffic and
finds that a system is setting the RST flag in the TCP packets it
sends repeatedly during a short period of time. What does this
flag mean in the TCP packet header?
A. RST flags mean “Rest.” The server needs traffic to briefly
pause.
B. RST flags mean “Relay-set.” The packets will be forwarded
to the address set in the packet.
C. RST flags mean “Resume Standard.” Communications will
resume in their normal format.
D. RST means “Reset.” The TCP session will be disconnected.

Answer 5

D. RST means “Reset.” The TCP session will be disconnected.

D. The RST flag is used to reset or disconnect a session. It can
be resumed by restarting the connection via a new three-way
handshake.

Question 6

Gary is deploying a wireless network and wants to deploy the
fastest possible wireless technology. Which one of the following
wireless networking standards should he use?
A. 802.11a
B. 802.11g
C. 802.11n
D. 802.11ac

Answer 6

D. 802.11ac

D. He should choose 802.11ac, which supports theoretical
speeds up to 3.4 Gbps. 802.11n supports up to 600 Mbps,
802.11g and 802.11a are only capable of 54 Mbps.

Question 7

Michele wants to replace FTP traffic with a secure replacement.
What secure protocol should she select instead?
A. TFTP
B. HFTPS
C. SecFTP
D. SFTP

Answer 7

D. SFTP

D. Both FTP/S and SFTP are commonly used as replacement
insecure FTP services. SFTP offers the advantage of using SSH
for transfers, making it easy to use existing firewall rules. TFTP
is trivial FTP, an insecure quick transfer method often used to
transfer files for network devices, among other uses. HFTPS and
SecFTP were made up for this question.

Question 8

Jake has been told that there is a layer 3 problem with his
network. Which of the following is associated with layer 3 in the
OSI model?
A. IP addresses
B. TCP and UDP protocols
C. MAC addresses
D. Sending and receiving bits via hardware

Answer 8

A. IP addresses

A. The Network layer, or layer 3, uses IP addresses for logical
addressing. TCP and UDP protocols are used at the Transport
layer, which is layer 4. Hardware addresses are used at layer 2,
the Data Link layer, and sending and receiving bits via hardware
is done at the Physical layer (layer 1).

Question 9

Frank is responsible for ensuring that his organization has
reliable, supported network hardware. Which of the following is
not a common concern for network administrators as they work
to ensure their network continues to be operational?
A. If the devices have vendor support
B. If the devices are under warranty
C. If major devices support redundant power supplies
D. If all devices support redundant power supplies

Answer 9

D. If all devices support redundant power supplies

D. Most networks include many edge devices like wireless
access points and edge switches. These devices often have a
single power supply to balance cost against reliability and will
simply be replaced if they fail. More critical devices like routers
and core switches are typically equipped with redundant power
supplies to ensure that larger segments of the network do not
fail if a component fails. Of course, making sure devices are
supported so they get updates and that they are under warranty
are both common practices for supportable networks.

Question 10

Brian is selecting an authentication protocol for a PPP
connection. He would like to select an option that encrypts both
usernames and passwords and protects against replay using a
challenge/response dialog. He would also like to reauthenticate
remote systems periodically. Which protocol should he use?
A. PAP
B. CHAP
C. EAP
D. LEAP

Answer 10

B. CHAP

B. The Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol, or
CHAP, is used by PPP servers to authenticate remote clients. It
encrypts both the username and password and performs
periodic reauthentication while connected using techniques to
prevent replay attacks. LEAP provides reauthentication but was
designed for WEP, while PAP sends passwords unencrypted.
EAP is extensible and was used for PPP connections, but it
doesn’t directly address the listed items.

Question 11

Which one of the following protocols is commonly used to
provide back-end authentication services for a VPN?
A. HTTPS
B. RADIUS
C. ESP
D. AH

Answer 11

B. RADIUS

B. The Remote Access Dial In User Service (RADIUS) protocol
was originally designed to support dial-up modem connections
but is still commonly used for VPN-based authentication.
HTTPS is not an authentication protocol. ESP and AH are IPsec
protocols but do not provide authentication services for other
systems.

Question 12

Isaac wants to ensure that his VoIP session initialization is
secure. What protocol should he ensure is enabled and
required?
A. SVOIP
B. PBSX
C. SIPS
D. SRTP

Answer 12

C. SIPS

C. SIPS, the secure version of the Session Initialization Protocol
for VoIP, adds TLS encryption to keep the session initialization
process secure. SVOIP and PBSX are not real protocols, but
SRTP is the secure version of RTP, the Real time Transport
Protocol.

Question 13

Internet
|A|
Firewall -|B|- Web Server
Router -|C|- VPN Concentrator
||
Switch
||
Workstations

What type of firewall design is shown in the diagram?
A. A single-tier firewall
B. A two-tier firewall
C. A three-tier firewall
D. A four-tier firewall

Answer 13

B. A two-tier firewall

B. The firewall in the diagram has two protected zones behind
it, making it a two-tier firewall design.

Question 14

Internet
|A|
Firewall -|B|- Web Server
Router -|C|- VPN Concentrator
Switch
Workstations

If the VPN grants remote users the same access to network and
system resources as local workstations have, what security issue
should Chris raise?
A. VPN users will not be able to access the web server.
B. There is no additional security issue; the VPN
concentrator’s logical network location matches the logical
network location of the workstations.
C. Web server traffic is not subjected to stateful inspection.
D. VPN users should only connect from managed PCs.

Answer 14

D. VPN users should only connect from managed PCs.

D. Remote PCs that connect to a protected network need to
comply with security settings and standards that match those
required for the internal network. The VPN concentrator
logically places remote users in the protected zone behind the
firewall, but that means user workstations (and users) must be
trusted in the same way that local workstations are.

Question 15

Internet
|A|
Firewall -|B|- Web Server
Router -|C|- VPN Concentrator
Switch
Workstations

If Chris wants to stop cross-site scripting attacks against the web
server, what is the best device for this purpose, and where
should he put it?
A. A firewall, location A
B. An IDS, location A
C. An IPS, location B
D. A WAF, location C

|

Answer 15

C. An IPS, location B

C. An intrusion protection system can scan traffic and stop both
known and unknown attacks. A web application firewall, or
WAF, is also a suitable technology, but placing it at location C
would only protect from attacks via the organization’s VPN,
which should only be used by trusted users. A firewall typically
won’t have the ability to identify and stop cross-site scripting
attacks, and IDS systems only monitor and don’t stop attacks.

Question 16

Susan is deploying a routing protocol that maintains a list of
destination networks with metrics that include the distance in
hops to them and the direction traffic should be sent to them.
What type of protocol is she using?
A. A link-state protocol
B. A link-distance protocol
C. A destination metric protocol
D. A distance-vector protocol

Answer 16

D. A distance-vector protocol

D. Distance-vector protocols use metrics including the direction
and distance in hops to remote networks to make decisions. A
link-state routing protocol considers the shortest distance to a
remote network. Destination metric and link-distance protocols
don’t exist.

Question 17

Ben has configured his network to not broadcast an SSID. Why
might Ben disable SSID broadcast, and how could his SSID be
discovered?
A. Disabling SSID broadcast prevents attackers from discovering the encryption key. The SSID can be recovered from decrypted packets.
B. Disabling SSID broadcast hides networks from unauthorized personnel. The SSID can be discovered using a wireless sniffer.
C. Disabling SSID broadcast prevents issues with beacon frames. The SSID can be recovered by reconstructing the BSSID.
D. Disabling SSID broadcast helps avoid SSID conflicts. The SSID can be discovered by attempting to connect to the network.

Answer 17

B. Disabling SSID broadcast hides networks from unauthorized personnel. The SSID can be discovered using a wireless sniffer.

B. Disabling SSID broadcast can help prevent unauthorized
personnel from attempting to connect to the network. Since the
SSID is still active, it can be discovered by using a wireless
sniffer. Encryption keys are not related to SSID broadcast,
beacon frames are used to broadcast the SSID, and it is possible
to have multiple networks with the same SSID.

Question 18

What network tool can be used to protect the identity of clients
while providing Internet access by accepting client requests,
altering the source addresses of the requests, mapping requests
to clients, and sending the modified requests out to their
destination?
A. A switch
B. A proxy
C. A router
D. A firewall

Answer 18

B. A proxy

B. A proxy is a form of gateway that provides clients with a
filtering, caching, or other service that protects their information
from remote systems. A router connects networks, while a
firewall uses rules to limit traffic permitted through it. A switch
is used to connect systems and does not provide these
capabilities.

Question 19

Susan wants to secure her communications traffic via multiple
internet service providers as it is sent to her company’s second
location. What technology should she use to protect the traffic
for an always on, always connected link between the sites?
A. FCoE
B. SDWAN
C. A point-to-point IPsec VPN
D. Zigbee

Answer 19

C. A point-to-point IPsec VPN

C. A point-to-point IPsec VPN can provide a secure, encrypted
channel that is established on an ongoing basis between the two
sites, ensuring that Susan’s traffic is not exposed along the path
that it travels. FCoE is Fibre Channel over Ethernet, a storage
protocol. SD-WAN is a software-defined wide area network, and
Zigbee is a low-power wireless protocol. None of these addresses
Susan’s needs.

Question 20

Melissa wants to combine multiple physical networks in her
organization in a way that is transparent to users but allows the
resources to be allocated as needed for networked services.
What type of network should she deploy?
A. iSCSI
B. A virtual network
C. SDWAN
D. A CDN

Answer 20

B. A virtual network

B. A virtual network can be used to combine existing networks
or to divide a network into multiple segments. Melissa can use a
virtual network to combine existing networks and then use
software-defined networking capabilities to allocate and manage
network resources. iSCSI is a converged storage protocol. An
SD-WAN is a software-defined wide area network, and this
question does not specify LAN or WAN technologies. A CDN is a
content distribution network and helps with load and denial-ofservice attacks.

Question 21

Which email security solution provides two major usage modes:
(1) signed messages that provide integrity, sender
authentication, and nonrepudiation; and (2) an enveloped
message mode that provides integrity, sender authentication,
and confidentiality?
A. S/MIME
B. MOSS
C. PEM
D. DKIM

Answer 21

A. S/MIME

A. S/MIME supports both signed messages and a secure
envelope method. While the functionality of S/MIME can be
replicated with other tools, the secure envelope is an S/MIMEspecific concept. MOSS, or MIME Object Security Services, and
PEM can also both provide authentication, confidentiality,
integrity, and nonrepudiation, while DKIM, or Domain Keys
Identified Mail, is a domain validation tool

Question 21

During a security assessment, Jim discovers that the
organization he is working with uses a multilayer protocol to
handle SCADA systems and recently connected the SCADA
network to the rest of the organization’s production network.
What concern should he raise about serial data transfers carried
via TCP/IP?
A. SCADA devices that are now connected to the network can now be attacked over the network.
B. Serial data over TCP/IP cannot be encrypted.
C. Serial data cannot be carried in TCP packets.
D. TCP/IP’s throughput can allow for easy denial-of-service attacks against serial devices.

Answer 21

A. SCADA devices that are now connected to the network can now be attacked over the network.

A. Multilayer protocols like DNP3 allow SCADA and other
systems to use TCP/IP-based networks to communicate. Many
SCADA devices were never designed to be exposed to a network,
and adding them to a potentially insecure network can create
significant risks. TLS or other encryption can be used on TCP
packets, meaning that even serial data can be protected. Serial
data can be carried via TCP packets because TCP packets don’t
care about their content; it is simply another payload. Finally,
TCP/IP does not have a specific throughput as designed, so
issues with throughput are device-level issues.

Question 21

Alicia’s company has implemented multifactor authentication
using SMS messages to provide a numeric code. What is the
primary security concern that Alicia may want to express about
this design?
A. SMS messages are not encrypted.
B. SMS messages can be spoofed by senders.
C. SMS messages may be received by more than one phone.
D. SMS messages may be stored on the receiving phone.

Answer 21

A. SMS messages are not encrypted.

A. SMS messages are not encrypted, meaning that they could be
sniffed and captured. While using two factors is more secure
than a single factor, SMS is one of the less secure ways to
implement two-factor authentication because of this. SMS
messages can be spoofed, can be received by more than one
phone, and are typically stored on the recipient’s phone. The
primary threat here, however, is the unencrypted message itself.

Question 21

The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and the Reverse
Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) operate at what layer of the
OSI model?
A. Layer 1
B. Layer 2
C. Layer 3
D. Layer 4

Answer 21

B. Layer 2

B. ARP and RARP operate at the Data Link layer, the second
layer of the OSI model. Both protocols deal with physical
hardware addresses, which are used above the Physical layer
(layer 1) and below the Network layer (layer 3), thus falling at
the Data Link layer.

Question 21

Which of the following is a converged protocol that allows storage mounts over TCP, and which is frequently used as a lower-cost alternative to Fibre Channel? A. MPLS B. SDN C. VoIP D. iSCSI

Answer 21

D. iSCSI ## Footnote D. iSCSI is a converged protocol that allows locationindependent file services over traditional network technologies. It costs less than traditional Fibre Channel. VoIP is Voice over IP, SDN is software-defined networking, and MPLS is Multiprotocol Label Switching, a technology that uses path labels instead of network addresses.

Question 21

What speed and frequency range are used by 802.11n? A. 5 GHz only B. 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz C. 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz D. 2.4 GHz only

Answer 21

C. 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz ## Footnote C. 802.11n can operate on both the 2.4 and 5 GHz frequency range. The 900 MHz range has frequently been used for phones and non-WiFi wireless networks as well as other amateur radio uses. Knowing that multiple ranges are available and that they may behave differently based on how many access points are in use and whether other devices that may cause interference on that band are in the area can be important for wireless network deployments

Question 21

Which of the following drawbacks is a concern when multilayer protocols are allowed? A. A range of protocols may be used at higher layers. B. Covert channels are allowed. C. Filters cannot be bypassed. D. Encryption can't be incorporated at multiple layers.

Answer 21

B. Covert channels are allowed. ## Footnote B. Multilayer protocols create three primary concerns for security practitioners: they can conceal covert channels (and thus covert channels are allowed), filters can be bypassed by traffic concealed in layered protocols, and the logical boundaries put in place by network segments can be bypassed under some circumstances. Multilayer protocols allow encryption at various layers and support a range of protocols at higher layers

Question 21

Ben provides networking and security services for a small chain of coffee shops. The coffee shop chain wants to provide secure, free wireless for customers. Which of the following is the best option available to Ben to allow customers to connect securely to his wireless network without needing a user account if Ben does not need to worry about protocol support issues? A. Use WPA2 in PSK mode. B. Use WPA3 in SAE mode. C. Use WPA2 in Enterprise mode. D. Use a captive portal.

Answer 21

B. Use WPA3 in SAE mode. ## Footnote B. WPA3's new SAE (simultaneous authentication of equals) mode improves on WPA2's PSK mode by allowing for secure authentication between clients and the wireless network without enterprise user accounts. If Ben needed to worry about support for WPA3, which may not be available to all systems that may want to connect, he might have to choose WPA2. A captive portal is often used with open guest networks, and Enterprise mode requires user accounts.

Question 21

Chris is building an Ethernet network and knows that he needs to span a distance of more than 150 meters with his 1000BaseT network. What network technology should he use to help with this? A. Install a repeater, a switch, or a concentrator before 100 meters. B. Use Category 7 cable, which has better shielding for higher speeds. C. Install a gateway to handle the distance. D. Use STP cable to handle the longer distance at high speeds.

Answer 21

A. Install a repeater, a switch, or a concentrator before 100 meters. ## Footnote A. A repeater, switch, or concentrator will amplify the signal, ensuring that the 100-meter distance limitation of 1000BaseT is not an issue. A gateway would be useful if network protocols were changing, while Cat7 cable is appropriate for a 10 Gbps network at much shorter distances. STP cable is limited to 155 Mbps and 100 meters, which would leave Chris with network problems.

Question 21

Which of the following is not an example of a converged protocol? A. MIME B. FCoE C. iSCSI D. VoIP

Answer 21

A. MIME ## Footnote A. Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE), Internet Small Computer Systems Interface (iSCSI), and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) are all examples of converged protocols that combine specialized protocols with standard protocols like TCP/IP. MIME, Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions, is not a converged protocol.

Question 21

Joanna wants to deploy 4G LTE as an out-of-band management solution for devices at remote sites. Which of the following security capabilities is not commonly available from 4G service providers? A. Encryption capabilities B. Device-based authentication C. Dedicated towers and antennas for secure service subscribers D. SIM-based authentication

Answer 21

C. Dedicated towers and antennas for secure service subscribers ## Footnote C. While security features vary from provider to provider, encryption, device-based authentication (for example, using certificates), and SIM-based authentication are all common options for 4G connectivity solutions. Joanna should work with her provider to determine what capabilities are available and assess whether they meet her needs.

Question 21

Sue modifies her MAC address to one that is allowed on a network that uses MAC filtering to provide security. What is the technique Sue used, and what nonsecurity issue could her actions cause? A. Broadcast domain exploit, address conflict B. Spoofing, token loss C. Spoofing, address conflict D. Sham EUI creation, token loss

Answer 21

C. Spoofing, address conflict ## Footnote C. The process of using a fake MAC (Media Access Control) address is called spoofing, and spoofing a MAC address already in use on the network can lead to an address collision, preventing traffic from reaching one or both systems. Tokens are used in token ring networks, which are outdated, and EUI refers to an Extended Unique Identifier, another term for MAC address, but token loss is still not the issue. Broadcast domains refer to the set of machines a host can send traffic to via a broadcast message.

Question 21

The company that Kathleen works for has moved to remote work for most employees and wants to ensure that the multimedia collaboration platform that they use for voice, video, and text-based collaboration is secure. Which of the following security options will provide the best user experience while providing appropriate security for communications? A. Require software-based VPN to the corporate network for all use of the collaboration platform. B. Require the use of SIPS and SRTP for all communications. C. Use TLS for all traffic for the collaboration platform. D. Deploy secure VPN endpoints to each remote location and use a point-to-point VPN for communications.

Answer 21

C. Use TLS for all traffic for the collaboration platform. ## Footnote C. Most modern applications support TLS throughout their communications allowing clients to securely connect to the service and to encrypt communications. VPN, either in software or hardware form, will be more complex and unwieldy. Software-based VPN would be more flexible, and hardwarebased VPN would be more expensive and more complex. SIPS and SRTP are appropriate for a VoIP environment, but are not generally a complete solution for a modern multimedia collaboration platform like Microsoft Teams, Zoom, or WebEx

Question 21

Selah wants to provide port-based authentication on her network to ensure that clients must authenticate before using the network. What technology is an appropriate solution for this requirement? A. 802.11a B. 802.3 C. 802.15.1 D. 802.1x

Answer 21

D. 802.1x ## Footnote D. 802.1x provides port-based authentication and can be used with technologies like EAP, the Extensible Authentication Protocol. 802.11a is a wireless standard, 802.3 is the standard for Ethernet, and 802.15.1was the original Bluetooth IEEE standard.

Question 21

Chris uses a cellular hot spot to provide internet access when he is traveling. If he leaves the hot spot connected to his PC while his PC is on his organization's corporate network, what security issue might he cause? A. Traffic may not be routed properly, exposing sensitive data. B. His system may act as a bridge from the internet to the local network. C. His system may be a portal for a reflected DDoS attack. D. Security administrators may not be able to determine his IP address if a security issue occurs.

Answer 21

B. His system may act as a bridge from the internet to the local network. ## Footnote B. When a workstation or other device is connected simultaneously to both a secure network and a nonsecure network like the internet, it may act as a bridge, bypassing the security protections located at the edge of a corporate network. It is unlikely that traffic will be routed improperly leading to the exposure of sensitive data, as traffic headed to internal systems and networks is unlikely to be routed to the external network. Reflected DDoS attacks are used to hide identities rather than to connect through to an internal network, and security administrators of managed systems should be able to determine both the local and wireless IP addresses his system uses.

Question 21

Internet -|TCP 80|- Computer B || Firewall Router Switch --- Computer C |TCP80| Computer A What protocol is the messaging traffic most likely to use based on the diagram? A. SLACK B. HTTP C. SMTP D. HTTPS

Answer 21

B. HTTP ## Footnote B. The use of TCP port 80 indicates that the messaging service is using the HTTP protocol. Slack is a messaging service that runs over HTTPS, which uses port 443. SMTP is an email protocol that uses port 25.

Question 21

Internet -|TCP 80|- Computer B || Firewall Router Switch --- Computer C |TCP80| Computer A 31. How could Selah's company best address a desire for secure messaging for users of internal systems A and C? A. Use a third-party messaging service. B. Implement and use a locally hosted service. C. Use HTTPS. D. Discontinue use of messaging and instead use email, which is more secure.

Answer 21

B. Implement and use a locally hosted service. ## Footnote B. If a business need requires messaging, using a local messaging server is the best option. This prevents traffic from traveling to a third-party server and can offer additional benefits such as logging, archiving, and control of security options like the use of encryption.

Question 21

Casey has been asked to determine if Zigbee network traffic can be secured in transit. What security mechanism does Zigbee use to protect data traffic? A. 3DES encryption B. AES encryption C. ROT13 encryption D. Blowfish encryption

Answer 21

B. AES encryption ## Footnote B. Zigbee uses AES to protect network traffic, providing integrity and confidentiality controls. It does not use 3DES, and ROT13 is a simple rotational cipher you might find in a cereal box or secret decoder ring.

Question 21

What security control does MAC cloning attempt to bypass for wired networks? A. Port security B. VLAN hopping C. 802.1q trunking D. Etherkiller prevention

Answer 21

A. Port security ## Footnote A. Port security prevents unrecognized or unpermitted systems from connecting to a network port based on their MAC address. Cloning a permitted or legitimate MAC address attempts to bypass this. VLAN hopping and 802.1q trunking attacks attempt to access other subnets by encapsulating packets so they will be unwrapped and directed to the other subnet. Etherkiller prevention is not a security setting or control.

Question 21

Melissa uses the ping utility to check whether a remote system is up as part of a penetration testing exercise. If she does not want to see her own ping packets, what protocol should she filter out from her packet sniffer's logs? A. UDP B. TCP C. IP D. ICMP

Answer 21

D. ICMP ## Footnote D. Ping uses ICMP, the Internet Control Message Protocol, to determine whether a system responds and how many hops there are between the originating system and the remote system. Melissa simply needs to filter out ICMP to not see her pings.

Question 21

In her role as an information security professional, Susan has been asked to identify areas where her organization's wireless network may be accessible even though it isn't intended to be. What should Susan do to determine where her organization's wireless network is accessible? A. A site survey B. Warwalking C. Wardriving D. A design map

Answer 21

A. A site survey ## Footnote A. Wardriving and warwalking are both processes used to locate wireless networks, but are not typically as detailed and thorough as a site survey, and design map is a made-up term.

Question 21

Internet -|TCP 80|- Computer B || Firewall Router Switch --- Computer C |TCP80| Computer A What security concern does sending internal communications from A to B raise? A. The firewall does not protect system B. B. System C can see the broadcast traffic from system A to B. C. It is traveling via an unencrypted protocol. D. Messaging does not provide nonrepudation.

Answer 21

C. It is traveling via an unencrypted protocol. ## Footnote C. HTTP traffic is typically sent via TCP80. Unencrypted HTTP traffic can be easily captured at any point between A and B, meaning that the messaging solution chosen does not provide confidentiality for the organization's corporate communications.

Question 21

What features can IPsec provide for secure communication? A. Encryption, access control, nonrepudiation and message authentication B. Protocol convergence, content distribution, microsegmentation, and network virtualization C. Encryption, authorization, nonrepudiation, and message integrity checking D. Micro-segmentation, network virtualization, encryption, and message authentication

Answer 21

A. Encryption, access control, nonrepudiation and message authentication ## Footnote A. IPsec, or Internet Protocol Security, can provide encryption, access control, nonrepudiation, and message authentication using public key cryptography. It does not provide authorization, protocol convergence, content distribution, or the other items listed.

Question 21

SMTP, HTTP, and SNMP all occur at what layer of the OSI model? A. Layer 4 B. Layer 5 C. Layer 6 D. Layer 7

Answer 21

D. Layer 7 ## Footnote D. Application-specific protocols are handled at layer 7, the Application layer of the OSI model.

Question 21

Ben has deployed a 1000BaseT gigabit network and needs to run a cable across a large building. If Ben is running his link directly from a switch to another switch in that building, what is the maximum distance Ben can cover according to the 1000BaseT specification? A. 2 kilometers B. 500 meters C. 185 meters D. 100 meters

Answer 21

D. 100 meters ## Footnote D. 1000BaseT is capable of a 100-meter run according to its specifications. For longer distances and exterior runs, a fiberoptic cable is typically used in modern networks.

Question 21

Chris wants to use a low-power, personal area network wireless protocol for a device he is designing. Which of the following wireless protocols is best suited to creating small, low-power devices that can connect to each other at relatively short distances across buildings or rooms? A. WiFi B. Zigbee C. NFC D. Infrared

Answer 21

B. Zigbee ## Footnote B. Zigbee is designed for this type of low-power, Internet of Things network, and would be the best option for Chris. Some versions of Bluetooth are designed to operate in low-power mode as well, but Bluetooth isn't in this list of answers. WiFi requires more power, NFC is very short range and would not work across a building or room, and infrared requires line of sight and is rarely used for that reason.

Question 21

Cameron is worried about distributed denial-of-service attacks against his company's primary web application. Which of the following options will provide the most resilience against largescale DDoS attacks? A. A CDN B. Increasing the number of servers in the web application server cluster C. Contract for DDoS mitigation services via the company's ISP D. Increasing the amount of bandwidth available from one or more ISPs

Answer 21

A. A CDN ## Footnote A. A content delivery network, or CDN, run by a major provider can handle large-scale DDoS attacks more easily than any of the other solutions. Using DDoS mitigation techniques via an ISP is the next most useful capability, followed by both increases in bandwidth and increases in the number of servers in the web application cluster.

Question 21

Wayne wants to deploy a secure voice communication network. Which of the following techniques should he consider? (Select all that apply.) A. Use a dedicated VLAN for VoIP phones and devices. B. Require the use of SIPS and SRTP. C. Require the use of VPN for all remote VoIP devices. D. Implement a VoIP IPS.

Answer 21

A. Use a dedicated VLAN for VoIP phones and devices. B. Require the use of SIPS and SRTP. ## Footnote A, B. Wayne should consider the use of a dedicated VLAN for VoIP devices to help separate them from other networked devices, and he should also require the use of SIPS and SRTP, both secure protocols that will keep his VoIP traffic encrypted. Requiring the use of VPN for all remote VoIP devices is not necessary if SIPS and SRTP are in use, and a specific IPS for VoIP is not a typical deployment in most organizations.

Question 21

Which OSI layer includes electrical specifications, protocols, and interface standards? A. The Transport layer B. The Device layer C. The Physical layer D. The Data Link layer

Answer 21

C. The Physical layer ## Footnote C. The Physical layer includes electrical specifications, protocols, and standards that allow control of throughput, handling line noise, and a variety of other electrical interface and signaling requirements. The OSI layer doesn't have a Device layer. The Transport layer connects the Network and Session layers, and the Data Link layer packages packets from the network layer for transmission and receipt by devices operating on the Physical layer.

Question 21

Which of the following options includes standards or protocols that exist in layer 6 of the OSI model? A. NFS, SQL, and RPC B. TCP, UDP, and TLS C. JPEG, ASCII, and MIDI D. HTTP, FTP, and SMTP

Answer 21

C. JPEG, ASCII, and MIDI ## Footnote C. Layer 6, the Presentation layer, transforms data from the Application layer into formats that other systems can understand by formatting and standardizing the data. That means that standards like JPEG, ASCII, and MIDI are used at the Presentation layer for data. TCP, UDP, and TLS are used at the Transport layer; NFS, SQL, and RPC operate at the Session layer; and HTTP, FTP, and SMTP are Application layer protocols

Question 21

Kathleen has two primary locations in a town and wants the two environments to appear like the same local network. Each location has a router, switches, and wireless access points deployed to them. What technology would best work to allow her to have the two facilities appear to be on the same network segment? A. SDWAN B. VXLAN C. VMWAN D. iSCSI

Answer 21

B. VXLAN ## Footnote B. VXLAN is an encapsulation protocol that carries VLANs across routable networks, making two different network locations appear to be on the same segment despite distance and network differences. SD-WAN is a software-defined wide area network, a way to manage and control wide area network connections. iSCSI is a storage protocol over IP, and VMWAN was made up for this question.

Question 22

There are four common VPN protocols. Which group listed contains all of the common VPN protocols? A. PPTP, LTP, L2TP, IPsec B. PPP, L2TP, IPsec, VNC C. PPTP, L2F, L2TP, IPsec D. PPTP, L2TP, IPsec, SPAP

Answer 22

C. PPTP, L2F, L2TP, IPsec ## Footnote C. PPTP, L2F, L2TP, and IPsec are the most common VPN protocols. TLS is also used for an increasingly large percentage of VPN connections and may appear at some point in the CISSP exam. PPP is a dial-up protocol, LTP is not a protocol, and SPAP is the Shiva Password Authentication Protocol sometimes used with PPTP

Question 22

Chris has been asked to choose between implementing PEAP and LEAP for wireless authentication. What should he choose, and why? A. LEAP, because it fixes problems with TKIP, resulting in stronger security B. PEAP, because it implements CCMP for security C. LEAP, because it implements EAP-TLS for end-to-end session encryption D. PEAP, because it can provide a TLS tunnel that encapsulates EAP methods, protecting the entire session

Answer 22

D. PEAP, because it can provide a TLS tunnel that encapsulates EAP methods, protecting the entire session ## Footnote D. PEAP provides encryption for EAP methods and can provide authentication. It does not implement CCMP, which was included in the WPA2 standard. LEAP is dangerously insecure and should not be used due to attack tools that have been available since the early 2000s.

Question 22

Ben is designing a WiFi network and has been asked to choose the most secure option for the network. Which wireless security standard should he choose? A. WPA2 B. WPA C. WEP D. WPA3

Answer 22

D. WPA3 ## Footnote D. WPA3, the replacement for WPA2, adds security features including a new mode called simultaneous authentication of equals that replaces the pre-shared key mode from WPA2 with a more secure option. Overall, it provides security improvements, but may not be immediately implemented due to time for hardware and software to fully support it. WPA2 has been the most commonly deployed wireless security standard having replaced WPA and WEP.

Question 22

Ben is troubleshooting a network and discovers that the NAT router he is connected to has the 192.168.x.x subnet as its internal network and that its external IP is 192.168.1.40. What problem is he encountering? A. 192.168.x.x is a nonroutable network and will not be carried to the internet. B. 192.168.1.40 is not a valid address because it is reserved by RFC 1918. C. Double NATing is not possible using the same IP range. D. The upstream system is unable to de-encapsulate his packets, and he needs to use PAT instead.

Answer 22

C. Double NATing is not possible using the same IP range. ## Footnote C. Double NATing isn't possible with the same IP range; the same IP addresses cannot appear inside and outside a NAT router. RFC 1918 addresses are reserved, but only so they are not used and routable on the internet, and changing to PAT would not fix the issue.

Question 22

Segmentation, sequencing, and error checking all occur at what layer of the OSI model that is associated with SSL, TLS, and UDP? A. The Transport layer B. The Network layer C. The Session layer D. The Presentation layer

Answer 22

A. The Transport layer ## Footnote A. The Transport layer provides logical connections between devices, including end-to-end transport services to ensure that data is delivered. Transport layer protocols include TCP, UDP, SSL, and TLS.

Question 22

What technical difference separates wireless communication via WiFi and LiFi? A. LiFi is not susceptible to electromagnetic interference. B. LiFi cannot be used to deliver broadband speeds. C. WiFi is not susceptible to electromagnetic interference. D. WiFi cannot be used to deliver broadband speeds.

Answer 22

A. LiFi is not susceptible to electromagnetic interference. ## Footnote A. LiFi uses visible and infrared light to transmit data at high speeds. While LiFi deployments are not occurring broadly yet, they have met with initial successes in some real-world applications. LiFi and WiFi can deliver broadband speeds, and WiFi, unlike LiFi, is susceptible to EM interference.

Question 22

What is the default subnet mask for a Class B network? A. 255.0.0.0 B. 255.255.0.0 C. 255.254.0.0 D. 255.255.255.0

Answer 22

B. 255.255.0.0 ## Footnote B. A Class B network holds 2^16 systems, and its default network mask is 255.255.0.0.

Question 22

The Windows ipconfig command displays the following information: BC-5F-F4-7B-4B-7D What term describes this, and what information can usually be gathered from it? A. The IP address, the network location of the system B. The MAC address, the network interface card's manufacturer C. The MAC address, the media type in use D. The IPv6 client ID, the network interface card's manufacturer

Answer 22

B. The MAC address, the network interface card's manufacturer ## Footnote B. Machine Access Control (MAC) addresses are the hardware address the machine uses for layer 2 communications. The MAC addresses include an organizationally unique identifier (OUI), which identifies the manufacturer. MAC addresses can be changed, so this is not a guarantee of accuracy, but under normal circumstances you can tell what manufacturer made the device by using the MAC address.

Question 22

Jim's organization uses a traditional PBX for voice communication. What is the most common security issue that its internal communications are likely to face, and what should he recommend to prevent it? A. Eavesdropping, encryption B. Man-in-the-middle attacks, end-to-end encryption C. Eavesdropping, physical security D. Wardialing, deploy an IPS

Answer 22

C. Eavesdropping, physical security ## Footnote C. Traditional private branch exchange (PBX) systems are vulnerable to eavesdropping because voice communications are carried directly over copper wires. Since standard telephones don't provide encryption (and you're unlikely to add encrypted phones unless you're the NSA), physically securing access to the lines and central connection points is the best strategy available.

Question 22

Selah's organization has deployed VoIP phones on the same switches that the desktop PCs are on. What security issue could this create, and what solution would help? A. VLAN hopping; use physically separate switches. B. VLAN hopping; use encryption. C. Caller ID spoofing; MAC filtering. D. Denial-of-service attacks; use a firewall between networks.

Answer 22

A. VLAN hopping; use physically separate switches. ## Footnote A. VLAN hopping between the voice and computer VLANs can be accomplished when devices share the same switch infrastructure. Using physically separate switches can prevent this attack. Encryption won't help with VLAN hopping because it relies on header data that the switch needs to read (and this is unencrypted), while Caller ID spoofing is an inherent problem with VoIP systems. A denial of service is always a possibility, but it isn't specifically a VoIP issue and a firewall may not stop the problem if it's on a port that must be allowed through.

Question 22

Susan wants to use a set of nonroutable IP addresses for the location's internal network addresses. Using your knowledge of secure network design principles and IP networking, which of the following IP ranges are usable for that purpose? (Select all that apply.) A. 172.16.0.0/12 B. 192.168.0.0/16 C. 128.192.0.0/24 D. 10.0.0.0/8

Answer 22

A. 172.16.0.0/12 B. 192.168.0.0/16 D. 10.0.0.0/8 ## Footnote A, B, D. RFC 1918 defines three address ranges as private (nonroutable) IP address ranges: 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, and 192.168.0.0/16. Any of these would work, but many organizations use the 192.168.0.0/16 range for smaller sites or opt to carve out sections of the 10.0.0.0/8 range for multiple remote sites.

Question 23

With her wireless network set up, Susan moves on to ensuring that her network will remain operational even if disruptions occur. What is the simplest way she can ensure that her network devices, including her router, access points, and network switches, stay on if a brownout or other temporary power issue occurs? A. Purchase and install a generator with an automatic start. B. Deploy dual power supplies for all network devices. C. Install UPS systems to cover all network devices that must remain online. D. Contract with multiple different power companies for redundant power.

Answer 23

C. Install UPS systems to cover all network devices that must remain online. ## Footnote C. A UPS system, or uninterruptible power supply, is designed to provide backup power during brief power disruptions ranging from power sags and brownouts to temporary power failures. For a longer outage, Susan will still want a generator or even a secondary power feed from another power grid or provider if possible, but for this specific scenario, a UPS will meet her needs. Dual power supplies help when the concern is losing power from one power supply and would be a great idea for her most critical network devices, but it is rare to have dual power supplies for edge devices like access points or edge switches

Question 24

Susan knows that she will need to implement a WiFi network for her customers and wants to gather information about the customers, such as their email address, without having to provide them with a wireless network password or key. What type of solution would provide this combination of features? A. NAC B. A captive portal C. Pre-shared keys D. WPA3's SAE mode

Answer 24

B. A captive portal ## Footnote B. A captive portal is a popular solution that you may be familiar with from hotels and coffee shops. They combine the ability to gather data from customers with an open network, so customer data will not be encrypted. This avoids the need to distribute network passwords but means that customers must ensure their own traffic is encrypted if they are worried about security.

Question 25

Susan wants to provide 10 gigabit network connections to devices in the facility where the new branch will operate. What connectivity options does she have for structured wiring that can meet those speeds? (Select all that apply.) A. Cat5e B. Fiber C. Cat6 D. Coaxial cable

Answer 25

B. Fiber C. Cat6 ## Footnote B, C. Fiber-optic cable and Cat6 cable can both run at 10 gigabit speeds. Cat5e and coaxial cable are not rated to those speeds.

Question 26

Data streams occur at what three layers of the OSI model? A. Application, Presentation, and Session B. Presentation, Session, and Transport C. Physical, Data Link, and Network D. Data Link, Network, and Transport

Answer 26

A. Application, Presentation, and Session ## Footnote A. Data streams are associated with the Application, Presentation, and Session layers. Once they reach the Transport layer, they become segments (TCP) or datagrams (UDP). From there, they are converted to packets at the Network layer, frames at the Data Link layer, and bits at the Physical layer.

Question 27

Lucca wants to protect endpoints that are in production use but that are no longer supported and cannot be patched from network attacks. What should he do to best protect these devices? A. Install a firewall on the device. B. Disable all services and open ports on the devices. C. Place a hardware network security device in front of the devices. D. Unplug the devices from the network because they cannot be properly secured.

Answer 27

C. Place a hardware network security device in front of the devices. ## Footnote C. If the devices still need to be in production but cannot be patched, Lucca's best option is to use a separate security device to protect them. It may be tempting to simply install a firewall on the device or to disable all the services it exposes to the network, but some devices may not have firewall software available, and even if they do, the underlying operating system may have vulnerabilities in its implementation of its network stack or other software that even a firewall could not protect. Unplugging devices that are needed for protection does not resolve the need to keep them online.

Question 28

Selah's networking team has been asked to identify a technology that will allow them to dynamically change the organization's network by treating the network like code. What type of architecture should she recommend? A. A network that follows the 5-4-3 rule B. A converged network C. A software-defined network D. A hypervisor-based network

Answer 28

C. A software-defined network ## Footnote C. Software-defined networking provides a network architecture that can be defined and configured as code or software. This will allow Selah's team to quickly change the network based on organizational requirements. The 5-4-3 rule is an old design rule for networks that relied on repeaters or hubs. A converged network carries multiple types of traffic like voice, video, and data. A hypervisor-based network may be software defined, but it could also use traditional network devices running as virtual machines.

Question 29

During a review of her organization's network, Angela discovered that it was suffering from broadcast storms and that contractors, guests, and organizational administrative staff were on the same network segment. What design change should Angela recommend? A. Require encryption for all users. B. Install a firewall at the network border. C. Enable spanning tree loop detection. D. Segment the network based on functional requirements.

Answer 29

D. Segment the network based on functional requirements. ## Footnote D. Network segmentation can reduce issues with performance as well as diminish the chance of broadcast storms by limiting the number of systems in a segment. This decreases broadcast traffic visible to each system and can reduce congestion. Segmentation can also help provide security by separating functional groups that don't need to be able to access each other's systems. Installing a firewall at the border would only help with inbound and outbound traffic, not cross-network traffic. Spanning tree loop prevention helps prevent loops in Ethernet networks (for example, when you plug a switch into a switch via two ports on each), but it won't solve broadcast storms that aren't caused by a loop or security issues. Encryption might help prevent some problems between functional groups, but it won't stop them from scanning other systems, and it definitely won't stop a broadcast storm!

Question 30

During a troubleshooting process, the support technician that Alyssa is talking to states that the problem is a layer 3 problem. Which of the following possible issues is not a layer 3 problem? A. A TTL mismatch B. An MTU mismatch C. An incorrect ACL D. A broken network cable

Answer 30

D. A broken network cable ## Footnote D. A broken network cable is a layer 1 problem. If you encounter a problem like this and aren't sure, look for the answer that has a different situation or set of assumptions. Here you have three questions that occur at the network (layer 3), all of which have software or protocol implications. A broken network cable is a completely different type of issue and should stand out. Be careful, though! The exam is likely to give you two potentially valid answers to choose from, so work to get rid of the two least likely answers and spend your time on the remaining options.

Question 30

Jason knows that protocols using the OSI model rely on encapsulation as data moves from layer to layer. What is added at each layer as data flows up the OSI layers? A. Information is added to the header. B. Information is added to the main body of the data. C. The data is encrypted with a new secret key. D. A security envelope that provides perfect forward secrecy

Answer 30

A. Information is added to the header. ## Footnote A. Encapsulation adds to the header (and sometimes to the footer) of the data provided by the previous layer. The main body of the data is not modified, and encryption may happen but does not always happen.

Question 31

ICMP, RIP, and network address translation all occur at what layer of the OSI model? A. Layer 1 B. Layer 2 C. Layer 3 D. Layer 4

Answer 31

C. Layer 3 ## Footnote C. ICMP, RIP, and network address translation all occur at layer 3, the Network layer.

Question 32

Ben is an information security professional at an organization that is replacing its physical servers with cloud-hosted virtual machines. As the organization builds its virtual environment, it is moving toward a hybrid cloud operational model with some systems and services remaining in its local data center and others hosted in the cloud. The following diagram shows the local data center and cloud VPC's network IP ranges, which you should consider as you answer the questions. Datacenter Network: 10.0.0.0/24 | VPC Network: 10.0.0.0/24 Ben wants to ensure that the instance-to-instance (system-tosystem) traffic in his cloud-hosted infrastructure as a service environment is secure. What can he do to fully ensure that the virtualized network traffic is not being captured and analyzed? A. Prevent the installation of a packet sniffer on all hosts. B. Disable promiscuous mode for all virtual network interfaces. C. Disallow the use of any virtual taps. D. Encrypt all traffic between hosts.

Answer 32

D. Encrypt all traffic between hosts. ## Footnote D. In an infrastructure as a service (IaaS) environment, the company that provides cloud environment has final control of all the virtual machines and networks. Thus, to protect data, the best option is to encrypt the data. Unfortunately, Ben cannot fully ensure that traffic in his environment is not being captured and must rely on the cloud hosting provider for that assurance. While preventing the installation of packet sniffers and taps and ensuring that promiscuous mode cannot be enabled are useful habits in an environment that you control, this will not provide the same control in a cloud environment.

Question 33

Ben is an information security professional at an organization that is replacing its physical servers with cloud-hosted virtual machines. As the organization builds its virtual environment, it is moving toward a hybrid cloud operational model with some systems and services remaining in its local data center and others hosted in the cloud. The following diagram shows the local data center and cloud VPC's network IP ranges, which you should consider as you answer the questions. Datacenter Network: 10.0.0.0/24 | VPC Network: 10.0.0.0/24 What issue is most likely to occur due to the subnets configured for the data center and VPC? A. IP address conflicts B. Routing loops C. MAC address conflicts D. All of the above

Answer 33

Ben is an information security professional at an organization ## Footnote A. Using the same IP range for an on-site and cloud-hosted data center can be helpful when designing a flat network, but addresses must be carefully managed and allocated even in a space as big as the 10.0.0.0/24 range. If addresses are not properly managed, conflicts may arise that could disrupt production services. MAC address conflicts should not arise unless addresses are manually changed or virtual machines are replicated without changing their MAC addresses. There is nothing in the problem to suggest routing issues.

Question 34

Ben is an information security professional at an organization that is replacing its physical servers with cloud-hosted virtual machines. As the organization builds its virtual environment, it is moving toward a hybrid cloud operational model with some systems and services remaining in its local data center and others hosted in the cloud. The following diagram shows the local data center and cloud VPC's network IP ranges, which you should consider as you answer the questions. Datacenter Network: 10.0.0.0/24 | VPC Network: 10.0.0.0/24 Ben wants to use multiple internet service providers (ISPs) to connect to his cloud VPC to ensure reliable access and bandwidth. What technology can he use to manage and optimize those connections? A. FCoE B. VXLAN C. SDWAN D. LiFi

Answer 34

C. SDWAN ## Footnote C. A software-defined wide area network, or SD-WAN, is commonly used to manage multiple ISPs and other connectivity options to ensure speed, reliability, and bandwidth design goals are all met. Ben can use SD-WAN capabilities to accomplish his goals to make his hybrid cloud environment successful. Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) is a storage protocol; VXLAN is used for extensible virtual LANs, not WANs; and LiFi uses visible and infrared light to transfer data

Question 35

WPA2's Counter Mode Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Mode Protocol (CCMP) is based on which common encryption scheme? A. DES B. 3DES C. AES D. TLS

Answer 35

C. AES ## Footnote C. WPA2's CCMP encryption scheme is based on AES. As of the writing of this book, there have not been any practical real-world attacks against WPA2. DES has been successfully broken, and neither 3DES nor TLS is used for WPA2

Question 36

When a host on an Ethernet network detects a collision and transmits a jam signal, what happens next? A. The host that transmitted the jam signal is allowed to retransmit while all other hosts pause until that transmission is received successfully. B. All hosts stop transmitting, and each host waits a random period of time before attempting to transmit again. C. All hosts stop transmitting, and each host waits a period of time based on how recently it successfully transmitted. D. Hosts wait for the token to be passed and then resume transmitting data as they pass the token.

Answer 36

B. All hosts stop transmitting, and each host waits a random period of time before attempting to transmit again. ## Footnote B. Ethernet networks use Carrier-Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) technology. When a collision is detected and a jam signal is sent, hosts wait a random period of time before attempting retransmission.

Question 37

Mark is concerned about the physical security of his network cables. What type of network connection would be the hardest to tap without specialized equipment? A. WiFi B. Bluetooth C. Cat5/Cat6 twisted pair D. Fiber optic

Answer 37

D. Fiber optic ## Footnote D. Fiber-optic cable is the most difficult of the listed types of network to capture data from without specialized equipment. Given access to a fiber-optic cable and specialized equipment to tap it, or with access to the endpoints of a fiber-optic cable and an optical tap, access can still be obtained. In either case, disruption may be observed when the cable is cut, spliced, or disconnected, and many attackers will not have access, skills, or the tools needed to do so. WiFi and Bluetooth traffic can be captured using standard wireless cards and tools, and data carried by twisted-pair Ethernet cables is easily captured using commodity tools

Question 38

Rich wants to connect his network to a building a half-mile away from his current location. There are trees and terrain features along the way, but a road passes between the trees to the other location. What type of transmission media is best suited to this type of deployment? A. Ethernet cable with repeaters every 200 to 300 yards B. A WiFi directional antenna C. Fiber-optic cable D. A LiFi system

Answer 38

C. Fiber-optic cable ## Footnote C. Buried fiber-optic cable is best suited to long distances, particularly when there are trees or other obstacles blocking line of sight that may interfere with WiFi or LiFi deployments. Ethernet's distance limitations mean that repeaters would need to be powered, and there is no description of other structures or power along the path.

Question 39

What challenge is most common for endpoint security system deployments? A. Compromises B. The volume of data C. Monitoring encrypted traffic on the network D. Handling non-TCP protocols

Answer 39

B. The volume of data ## Footnote B. Endpoint security solutions face challenges due to the sheer volume of data that they can create. When each workstation is generating data about events, this can be a massive amount of data. Endpoint security solutions should reduce the number of compromises when properly implemented, and they can also help by monitoring traffic after it is decrypted on the local host. Finally, non-TCP protocols are relatively uncommon on modern networks, making this a relatively rare concern for endpoint security system implementations

Question 40

What type of address is 127.0.0.1? A. A public IP address B. An RFC 1918 address C. An APIPA address D. A loopback address

Answer 40

D. A loopback address ## Footnote D. The IP address 127.0.0.1 is a loopback address and will resolve to the local machine. Public addresses are non–RFC 1918, nonreserved addresses. RFC 1918 addresses are reserved and include ranges like 10.x.x.x. An APIPA address is a selfassigned address used when a DHCP server cannot be found.

Question 41

Susan is writing a best practices statement for her organizational users who need to use Bluetooth. She knows that there are many potential security issues with Bluetooth and wants to provide the best advice she can. Which of the following sets of guidance should Susan include? A. Use Bluetooth's built-in strong encryption, change the default PIN on your device, turn off discovery mode, and turn off Bluetooth when it's not in active use. B. Use Bluetooth only for those activities that are not confidential, change the default PIN on your device, turn off discovery mode, and turn off Bluetooth when it's not in active use. C. Use Bluetooth's built-in strong encryption, use extended (eight digits or longer) Bluetooth PINs, turn off discovery mode, and turn off Bluetooth when it's not in active use. D. Use Bluetooth only for those activities that are not confidential, use extended (eight digits or longer) Bluetooth PINs, turn off discovery mode, and turn off Bluetooth when it's not in active use.

Answer 41

B. Use Bluetooth only for those activities that are not confidential, change the default PIN on your device, turn off discovery mode, and turn off Bluetooth when it's not in active use. ## Footnote B. Since Bluetooth doesn't provide strong encryption, it should only be used for activities that are not confidential. Bluetooth PINs are four-digit codes that often default to 0000. Turning it off and ensuring that your devices are not in discovery mode can help prevent Bluetooth attacks.

Question 42

What type of networking device is most commonly used to assign endpoint systems to VLANs? A. Firewall B. Router C. Switch D. Hub

Answer 42

C. Switch ## Footnote C. The assignment of endpoint systems to VLANs is normally performed by a network switch.

Question 43

Steve has been tasked with implementing a network storage protocol over an IP network. What storage-centric converged protocol is he likely to use in his implementation? A. MPLS B. FCoE C. SDN D. VoIP

Answer 43

B. FCoE ## Footnote B. Fibre Channel over Ethernet allows Fibre Channel communications over Ethernet networks, allowing existing highspeed networks to be used to carry storage traffic. This avoids the cost of a custom cable plant for a Fibre Channel implementation. MPLS, or Multiprotocol Label Switching, is used for high-performance networking; VoIP is Voice over IP; and SDN is software-defined networking.

Question 44

Michelle is told that the organization that she is joining uses an SD-WAN controller architecture to manage their WAN connections. What can she assume about how the network is managed and controlled? (Select all that apply.) A. The network uses predefined rules to optimize performance. B. The network conducts continuous monitoring to support better performance. C. The network uses self-learning techniques to respond to changes in the network. D. All connections are managed by the organization's primary internet service provider.

Answer 44

A. The network uses predefined rules to optimize performance. B. The network conducts continuous monitoring to support better performance. C. The network uses self-learning techniques to respond to changes in the network. ## Footnote A, B, C. SD-WAN implementations typically perform all of these functions, combining active data collection via monitoring and response via self-learning and machine intelligence techniques, and then applying predefined rules to take action to make the network perform as desired. SD-WAN does not imply or require that all connections are managed by the organization's primary internet service provider. In fact, SD-WANs are often used to handle multiple ISPs to allow for failover and redundancy

Question 45

Which of the following shows the layers of the OSI model in correct order, from layer 1 to layer 7? Place the layers of the OSI model shown here in the appropriate order, from layer 1 to layer 7. A. Layer 1 = Data Link; Layer 2 = Physical; Layer 3 = Network; Layer 4 = Transport; Layer 5 = Session; Layer 6 = Presentation; Layer 7 = Applications B. Layer 1 = Physical; Layer 2 = Data Link; Layer 3 = Network; Layer 4 = Transport; Layer 5 = Session; Layer 6 = Presentation; Layer 7 = Applications C. Layer 1 = Physical; Layer 2 = Data Link; Layer 3 = Network; Layer 4 = Transport; Layer 5 = Session; Layer 6 = Applications; Layer 7 = Presentation D. Layer 1 = Physical; Layer 2 = Data Link; Layer 3 = Network; Layer 4 = Session; Layer 5 = Transport; Layer 6 = Presentation; Layer 7 = Applications

Answer 45

B. Layer 1 = Physical; Layer 2 = Data Link; Layer 3 = Network; Layer 4 = Transport; Layer 5 = Session; Layer 6 = Presentation; Layer 7 = Applications ## Footnote B. The OSI layers in order from layer 1 to layer 7 are as follows: 1. Physical 2. Data Link 3. Network 4. Transport 5. Session 6. Presentation 7. Application

Question 46

Valerie enables port security on the switches on her network. What type of attack is she most likely trying to prevent? A. IP spoofing B. MAC aggregation C. CAM table flooding D. VLAN hopping

Answer 46

C. CAM table flooding ## Footnote C. Valerie is most likely trying to prevent CAM table flooding by preventing large numbers of MAC addresses from being used on a single port. If CAM table flooding is successful, switches will not know where to send traffic and resort to sending all traffic to every port, potentially exposing traffic to attackers. IP spoofing and VLAN hopping are not prevented by port security, which focuses on hardware (MAC) addresses. MAC aggregation was made up for this question.

Question 47

Alaina wants to ensure that systems are compliant with her network security settings before they are allowed on the network and wants to ensure that she can test and validate system settings as possible. What type of NAC system should she deploy? A. A pre-admit, clientless NAC system B. A postadmission, client-based NAC system C. A pre-admit, client-based NAC system D. A postadmission, clientless NAC system

Answer 47

C. A pre-admit, client-based NAC system ## Footnote C. A pre-admit, client-based NAC system will test systems before they are allowed on the network using a client that can determine more about a system than a clientless model can. Postadmission tests after clients are already on the network and clientless versions are useful when installing clients isn't possible for systems.

Question 48

Derek wants to deploy redundant core routers. What model of high availability clustering will provide him with the greatest throughput? A. Active/active B. Line interactive C. Active/passive D. Nearline

Answer 48

A. Active/active ## Footnote A. An active/active pair can use the full throughput capability of both devices, but normal deployment models will design to the maximum throughput of a single device to avoid disruption in the event that one of the pair fails. Active/passive designs can only handle the throughput of a single device and allow the secondary device to remain ready to operate but not passing traffic until it is needed. Line interactive is a term often used to describe UPS systems that filter power instead of passing it through, and near-line is a term used to describe backups that are not online but can be retrieved relatively quickly.

Question 49

Angela needs to choose between the following protocols for secure authentication and doesn't want to create unneeded technical complexity. Which authentication protocol should she choose and why? A. EAP, because it provides strong encryption by default B. LEAP, because it provides frequent reauthentication and changing of WEP keys C. PEAP, because it provides encryption and doesn't suffer from the same vulnerabilities that LEAP does D. EAP-TLS

Answer 49

C. PEAP, because it provides encryption and doesn't suffer from the same vulnerabilities that LEAP does ## Footnote C. Of the three answers, PEAP is the best solution. It encapsulates EAP in a TLS tunnel, providing strong encryption. LEAP is a Cisco proprietary protocol that was originally designed to help deal with problems in WEP. LEAP's protections have been defeated, making it a poor choice. EAP-TLS is secure but requires client certificates, making it difficult to deploy and manage

Question 50

What is a frequent concern for systems that require highperforming internet connectivity when satellite internet is the only available option? A. Security B. Compatibility with protocols like LiFi C. Compatibility with protocols like Zigbee D. Latency

Answer 50

D. Latency ## Footnote D. Most existing satellite internet systems have relatively high latency. Newer low Earth orbit satellites like Starlink appear to provide better latency than higher orbits, but latency and susceptibility to interference from weather are both common concerns for satellite-based systems.

Question 51

What layer of an SDN implementation uses programs to communicate needs for resources via APIs? A. The data plane B. The control plane C. The application plane D. The monitoring plane

Answer 51

C. The application plane ## Footnote C. The application plane of a software-defined network (SDN) is where applications run that use application programming interfaces (APIs) to communicate with the SDN about needed resources. The control plane receives instructions and sends them to the network. The last common plane is the devices themselves

Question 52

Which of the following is not a drawback of multilayer protocols? A. They can allow filters and rules to be bypassed. B. They can operate at higher OSI levels. C. They can allow covert channels. D. They can allow network segment boundaries to be bypassed.

Answer 52

B. They can operate at higher OSI levels. ## Footnote B. Common drawbacks of multilayer protocols are that they can bypass filters, allow or create covert channels, and allow network segment boundaries to be bypassed. The ability to operate at higher OSI layer levels is normally considered a benefit.

Question 53

What is the maximum speed that Category 5e cable is rated for? A. 5 Mbps B. 10 Mbps C. 100 Mbps D. 1000 Mbps

Answer 53

D. 1000 Mbps ## Footnote D. Category 5e cable is rated for speeds up to 1000 Mbps. If you need a faster network connection, you can consider Cat6 or higher copper cables or move to fiber where speeds can be much higher.

Question 53

Place the following layers of the TCP/IP model in order, starting with the Application layer and moving down the stack. 1. Application layer 2. Network Access layer 3. Internet layer 4. Transport layer A. 1, 2, 3, 4 B. 1, 4, 2, 3 C. 1, 4, 3, 2 D. 4, 1, 3, 2

Answer 53

C. 1, 4, 3, 2 ## Footnote C. In order, the layers are: Application layer, Transport layer, Internet layer, and Network Access layer.

Question 54

What are two primary advantages that 5G networks have over 4G networks? (Select all that apply.) A. Anti-jamming features B. Enhanced subscriber identity protection C. Mutual authentication capabilities D. Multifactor authentication

Answer 54

B. Enhanced subscriber identity protection C. Mutual authentication capabilities ## Footnote B, C. 5G technology includes both a new mutual authentication capability and additional protections for subscriber identities. It does not have specific anti-jamming security features and does not specifically use multifactor authentication.

Question 55

What function does VXLAN perform in a data center environment? A. It removes limitations due to maximum distance for Ethernet cables. B. It allows multiple subnets to exist in the same IP space with hosts using the same IP addresses. C. It tunnels layer 2 connections over a layer 3 network, stretching them across the underlying layer 3 network. D. All of the above

Answer 55

C. It tunnels layer 2 connections over a layer 3 network, stretching them across the underlying layer 3 network. ## Footnote C. VXLAN tunnels layer 2 connections over a layer 3 network, in essence extending a LAN over distances or networks that it might not otherwise function over. It does not remove the distance limitations of Ethernet cables, nor does it allow multiple subnets to use the same IP space—that requires NAT or other technologies that remap addresses to avoid conflicts.

Question 56

Chris is setting up a hotel network and needs to ensure that systems in each room or suite can connect to each other, but systems in other suites or rooms cannot. At the same time, he needs to ensure that all systems in the hotel can reach the internet. What solution should he recommend as the most effective business solution? A. Per-room VPNs B. VLANs C. Port security D. Firewalls

Answer 56

B. VLANs ## Footnote B. VLANs can be used to logically separate groups of network ports while still providing access to an uplink. Per-room VPNs would create significant overhead for support as well as create additional expenses. Port security is used to limit what systems can connect to ports, but it doesn't provide network security between systems. Finally, while firewalls might work, they would add expense and complexity without adding any benefits over a VLAN solution.

Question 57

During a forensic investigation, Charles is able to determine the Media Access Control (MAC) address of a system that was connected to a compromised network. Charles knows that MAC addresses are tied back to a manufacturer or vendor and are part of the fingerprint of the system. To which OSI layer does a MAC address belong? A. The Application layer B. The Session layer C. The Physical layer D. The Data Link layer

Answer 57

D. The Data Link layer ## Footnote D. MAC addresses and their organizationally unique identifiers are used at the Data Link layer to identify systems on a network. The Application and Session layers don't care about physical addresses, while the Physical layer involves electrical connectivity and handling physical interfaces rather than addressing.

Question 58

Mikayla is reviewing her organization's VoIP environment configuration and finds a diagram that shows the following design. What concern should she express? VoIP Phone -----SIP Connection---> VoIP PBX ---SRTP Connection---> A. The voice connection is unencrypted and could be listened to. B. There are no security issues in this diagram. C. The session initialization connection is unencrypted and could be viewed. D. Both the session initialization and voice data connection are unencrypted and could be captured and analyzed.

Answer 58

C. The session initialization connection is unencrypted and could be viewed. ## Footnote C. This diagram shows the use of SIP instead of SIPS, meaning that the session initialization protocol is not encrypted. Fortunately, the voice data via secure real-time transport protocol, or SRTP is encrypted. Mikayla should look into using SIPS in addition to SRTP.