DONE: Botanicals Flashcards

Question

Boswellia serrata - when is it used? - enhances which drugs?

Answer 1

Frankincense gum resin anti-inflammatory, circulatory stimulant, analgesic, antiseptic, astringent indicated for: ulcerative colitis, OA, crohns, RA, chronic prostatits, inflammation, asthma AEs: take with water and food to avoid GI irritation *enhances NSAIDs - ASA, ibuprofen, naproxen and celecoxib

Answer 2

White and Red Bryony root **low dose herb** - anodyne, sedative, antirheumatic, antiviral, cathartic indicated: painful rheumatism, laxative, emetic, diuretic, ulcers, asthma, bronchitis AEs: OD > vomiting, diarrhea, colic, collapse, paralysis *40. berries would kill and adult, 15 would kill a child* contraindicated: pregnancy, lactation, internal use

Answer 3

Calendula, Marigold flower **Asteraceae family** - anti-inflammatory, vulnerary, mild antibacterial *it promotes the formation of granulation tissue > important for epithelization and healing of wounds* indicated: skin conditions, surgical wounds, gingivitis, oral ulcers, varicose veins. (can be used internally for gastric ulcers) CI: deep wounds, aster allergy

Answer 4

green tea leaf antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, anti-neoplastic, antimicrobial, diuretic, *contains purine alkaloids* indicated: cancer and dental cavity prevention AEs: gi irritation, reduced appetite, constipation or diarrhea - can avoid these by adding milk to tea contraindicated: weakened cardio system, renal disease, thyroid hyperfunctioning, anxiety and anxiety-like disorders d/t stimulant. avoid in pregnancy and breastfeeding due to caffeine content interactions: reduces effectiveness of anticoags

Answer 5

Marijuana demulcent, analgesic, sedative, antiemetic, psychoactive, anti-inflammatory, hypotensive indicated: appetite stimulant, antiemetic (AIDS, CA) side effects: dizziness, euphoria, laughing fits, paranoid, somnolence, abnormal thinking * could be contaminated with aspergillus if not pharm CI: pregnancy C, breastfeeding, schizophrenia interacts: sildenafil > MI, CNS depressants, alcohol

Answer 6

Shepherd's Purse aerial styptic, astringent indicated: nosebleeds, hemorrhage, wounds and burns contraindicated: pregnancy interacts: warfarin

Answer 7

cayenne ground dried fruit - circulatory and vasomotor stimulant: lowers chol, TG, and LDL:HDL, decreases plt agg - rubefacient/counterirritant - gastric stimulant - antimicrobial - anti-inflammatory: stimulates production of collagenase (OA, RA), depletes substance P (pain transmission in C-fibers decreased) indicated: external: diabetic neuropathy, pruritis, psoriasis, OA, RA, migraines internal: hypochlorhydria, H pylori, maldigestion, dyspepsia, biliary insufficiency, atonic constipation, atherosclerosis, GI or resp infection, hypercoagulation contraindicated: pregnancy - uterine stimulant interactions: compounds dry cough side effect of ACEIs

Answer 8

Senna stimulating laxative, cathartic *inhibits water and electrolyte absorption from the large intestine > increases volume and pressure of intestinal contents > stimulates colon motility* indicated: constipation AEs: harmless red urine or feces, colic, pseudomelanosis coli, diarrhea, abortion contraindicated: obstruction, acute inflamm disease, appendicitis, pregnancy interactions: avoid hypoK drugs

Answer 9

Blue cohosh rhizome - uterine tonic, parturifacient, emmenagogue, anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, diuretic, diaphoretic indicated: amenorrhea, menorrhagia, metrorrhaggia, dysmenorrhea, cyclic mastalgia, female infertility, uterine prolapse, to facilitate labor, rheumatism, OA, RA AEs: dermatitis, GI irritation CI: pregnancy interacts: nitroglycerin

Answer 10

New Jersey Tea - tannins have astringent effect: reduced blood clotting time, also an expectorant and antispasmodic. spleen tonic, hypotensive, sedative indicated: fatty liver, hepatitis, splenomegaly, LAD, bronchitis, asthma, cough, dysentery, GI bleeds, skin irritation and sores interacts: could antagonize anticoagulants

Answer 11

Gotu Kola whole plant - nervine, antipyretic indicated: nervousness, poor memory, epilepsy, venous insufficiency externally: inflamed skin, ulcers, psoriasis, snake bite poultice AEs: photosensitization, DM or HLD (could increase blood glucose and lipids), possible infertility contraindicated: pregnancy

Answer 12

false unicorn root -uterine and ovarian tonic, emmenagogue, diuretic indicated: amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, leukorrhea, estrogen imbalance, menopause, female infertility, uterine infection, ovarian cysts, leiomyoma, PMS, threatened miscarriage, premature labor, dyspepsia AEs: N/V, anti-plt contraindicated: early pregnancy, GI irritation interacts: warfarin

Answer 13

Greater celandine aerial parts, roots and rhizome -alterative, choleretic, cholagogue, bitter, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, mild antitussive, anitmicrobial, antiviral (HPV) topical: warts, eczema, corns, malignant tumors internal: biliary insufficiency, prevent gall stones, whooping coug, asthma CI: biliary obstruction, hepatic failure, acute diarrhea, cholelothiasis, hepatitis, chlecystitis, conconjugated hyperBRemia, pregancy, lactation, children

Answer 14

Fringe Tree dried root or tree bark - cholagogue, alterative, bitter, diuretic topical: wounds and inflammation internal: liver and gallbladder dysfunction, jaundice, hepatomegaly, biliary insufficiency, gall stones, chronic skin conditions CI: normal things for bitters

Answer 15

Dusty Miller leaf **Asteraceae family** indications: cataracts (topical) *I have to SEE to go to the CINE MA* AEs: hepato-veno-occlusive disease, hepatic failure, death CI: internal use, broken skin, pregnancy, lactation, aster family

Answer 16

Cinnamon oil from bark and leaf astringent, carminative, antimicrobial (H pylori), vasodilating, diaphoretic, antispasmodic indicated: loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia AEs: GI irritant, N/V contraindicated: pregnancy, allergy, ulcers, acid reflux, *prolonged use could be toxic

Answer 17

Coleus root * diterpene glycosides - adenylate cyclase activator, positive ionotropic (contractility), vasodilator, hypotensive, bronchodilator, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antihistamine, anti-plt indicated: asthma, dilated cardiomyopathy, HTN, allergies, glaucoma, hypothyroidism, obesity AEs: gi stimulation and nausea contraindicated: active peptic ulcers, pregnancy, lactation, children interacts with: cardiac glycosides (digoxin, convallaria, digitalis, leonurus), anticoags, insulin and hypoglycemic drugs, antihistamines, levothyroxine, increase bleeds with NSAIDs, antagonize PPIs

Answer 18

Indian bdellium gum/resin - hypolipidemic: increases hepatic binding sites for LDL, inhibits chol synthesis, decreases TGs, increases fecal excretion of bile acids and chol - anti-inflammatory: decreases pain of OA after 1 month indications: elevated LDL, HLD, inflammations (OA), nodulocystic acne contraindicated: IBD interactions: induce CYP450, decrease bioavailability of propranolol

Answer 19

Myrrh resin from bark - antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, expectorant, antitussive indicated: topical mouth and pharynx inflammation. internal cough expectorant contraindicated: pregnancy and lactation interacts: insulin and hypoglycemics

Answer 20

lily of the valley flower tips and rhizome **low dose herb** * glycosides - positive ionotropic (contractility), negative chronotropic (rate), negative dromotropic (conduction), positive bathmotropic (excitability) - natiuretic, diuretic - dose-dependent venoconstrictive indicated: arrythmia, cardiac insufficiency, hypotension AEs: nausea, vomiting, headache, death *treat with atropine - monitor K/glc/insulin* contraindications: digitalis and other cardiac glycosides (convallaria, digitalis, leonurus) interactions: hypokalemic drugs/diuretics, corticosteroids. anti-arrhythmics, pseudoephedrine, glycyrrhiza, calcium > will promote arrhythmia, potentiates BBs

Answer 21

Caterpillar fungus -bronchodilator, antibiotic, anti-cancer indicated: acute infection, anemia, BM protection, fatigue, asthma, impotence, chronic cough, debility at toxic doses: *constipation, abd distention, irregular menstruation, amenorrhea potentiates Epinephrine

Answer 22

Corydalis root *isoquinolone alkaloids powerful analgesic, hypnotic, sedative, spasmolytic, tranquilizing, hallucinogenic. suppresses CNS, reduces BP, decreases GI motility indicated: severe nerve damage, emotional disturbances and tremors, high blood pressure, small intestine spasms, dysmenorrhea AEs: decreased menstrual flow, headaches, fatigue overdose: clonic spasms with musculature tremor contraindicated: pregnancy, breastfeeding

Answer 23

Hawthorn berries, flower, leaf - cardiac tonic: procyanidins and flavonoids increase coronary blood flow via vasodilation and red in peripheral resistance, positive ionotrope and chronotrope, *similar to class III antiarrhythmics*, lowers LDL - heart nutritive - hypotensive - anti-inflammatory: flavonoids decrease capillary fragility, prevent collagen destruction of joints indicated: CHF, arrhythmias, valvular murmurs, cap fragility, HTN interacts: antiplatelets increase bleed risk, may enhance glycoside drug/herbs, avoid with antiarrhthymics, increased side effects of BBs

Answer 24

Turmeric rhizome - hepatic, anti-neoplastic, anti-inflammatory, immune modulator, antibacterial, antiplatelet Indicated for: reduction of pain and inflammation associated with OA, inflammatory conditions (IBD), gallstone prevention, jaundice, hepatitis, UBS, protection of NSAID induced ulcers, cancer, OA, RA, inflammation, asthma, skin, prevention of strokes and MIs AEs: stomach stuff CI: biliary obstruction, hyperchlorhydria, pregnancy interacts: warfarin

Answer 25

Artichoke **Asteraceae family** - bitter, hypolipidemia indicated: dyslipidemia, poor digestion contraindicated in bitter CIs

Answer 26

Jimson weed dried leaves *flowers are poisonous, but fragrant* **low dose herb** * contains tropane alkaloids (daturine, atropine, hyoscine, scopolamine* - these are anticholinergic and parasympatholytic - sedative, antispasmodic indications (folk medicine, we dont use it): asthma, convulsive cough, pertussis, bronchitis, influenza, severe catarrh, expectorant AEs: same as belladonna contraindicated: glaucoma, pregnancy, with anticholinergic or TCAs interacts: potentiates anticholinergic drugs - atropine, bupropion, dextromethorphan, dicyclomine, diphenhydramine, tiotropium bromide, tolterodine AND TCAs

Answer 27

foxglove leaf **low dose herb** * cardiac glycosides* positive ionotrope, negative chronotrope - cardiac stimulant, diuretic, emetic at high doses indicated: CHF, atrial arrhythmias AEs: *narrow therapeutic range*, GI sxs, yellow or green halo around objects contraindicated: 1/2 degree AV block, severe carditis, angina, arrhythmias, bradycardia. cardiac hypertrophy, aortic stenosis, kidney failure, hypokalemia/calcemia, hypercalcemia, pregnancy, lactation interactions: hypokalemic drugs/diuretics, corticosteroids. anti-arrhythmics, pseudoephedrine, glycyrrhiza, calcium > will promote arrhythmia, potentiates BBs

Answer 28

Wild Yam root - spasmolytic, antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, diaphoretic, hepatic, cholagogue indicated: dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, PMS< threatened miscarriage, premature labor, smooth muscle spasm, colic, myalgia, neuralgia, OA RA acute rheumatism CI: biliary obstruction, cholecystitis, biliary cancer, pancreatic cancer, hepatitis, cirrhosis, pregnancy in high doses

Answer 29

Purple cone flower root leaf and flower **asteraceae family** Adaptogen, immune modulator, immune stimulant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial/bacterial/viral, stimulates phagocytosis and activates macrophages, vulnerary and alterative indicated: influenza, URTI, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, staph skin, vaginitis, mastitis, wounds, skin ulcers, acne, chronic skin disease, cancer, mycobacterial infection contraindicated: aster family, TB, MS, AIDS, HIV, auto-immune disease, possible long term use * safe for use in children* interactions: immune suppression therapy

Answer 30

Siberian ginseng root - Adaptogen, immune modulating, adrenal support indicated: pharyngitis, tonsillitis, infection, fatigue, hypoadrenocorticism, lack of stamina, tendency to infection contraindicated in autoimmune conditions, hypertension, acute infections, and long term use interacts with immune suppression therapy

Answer 31

Ephedra, Ma Huang stem **low dose herb** adrenergic agonist, bronchodilator, antitussive, anti-allergic, decongestant, anti-secretory, vasoconstrictor, hypertensive, diaphoretic, diuretic indicated: bronchitis, asthma whooping cough, sinusitis, allergies, weight loss AEs: agitation, alertness, MI, cerebral vasculitis, stroke OD: sympathomimetic contraindicated: HTN, hyperthyroid, DM, BPH, glaucoma, CAD, anorexia, pregnancy, lactation, long term interacts: potentiates sympathomimetics, caffeine, dextroamphetamine, methylphenidate, MAOIs antagonizes a and B blockers, TCAs, and increases clearance of dexamethasone

Answer 32

Horsetail aerial parts diuretic, astringent - decreases uric acid content in the blood by increasing clearance rate indicated: UTI, kidney and bladder stones, nocturnal enuresis CI: edema d.t impaired heart or kidney function, hypokalemia, and coagulation disorders interactions: hypokalemic drugs, warfarin

Answer 33

California poppy dried aerial perts - nervine, hypnotic, anti-spasmodic, anodyne indicated: sedative and hypnotic for children, nerve pain (not joint pain), anxiety, insomnia AEs: addictive contraindicated: pregnancy, lactation interactions: could potentiate MAOIs and SSRIs

Answer 34

Eucalyptus lead - antimicrobial, counter irritant, antispasmodic, expectorant, antiperiodic topical: aching joints and muscles, add to bath water, insect repellant, wounds, burns, ulcers internal: URTI, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, nasal stuffiness CI: hypotension, kidney function impaired *infants - as it could produce a laryngeal spasms and respiratory arrest interacts: hypoglycemic agents

Answer 35

Boneset aerial parts **asteraceae family** respiratory, diaphoretic, immune and digestive bitter stimulant, affinity for the respiratory and GI systems, urolithiasis, anti-catarrhal, asntispasmodic indicated: **influenza**, aches and pain, fever,

Answer 36

Grave root, Joe pye weed Root **asteraceae family** - anti-lithic, diuretic indicated: urolithiasis, dysuria, hematuria from prostatitis, gout

Answer 37

Eyebright aerial parts - anti-inflammatory, anti0catarrhal, astringent, vasoconstrictor indicated: ophthalmitis, allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis, sinusitis, blepharitis, hordeolum, eye trauma

Answer 38

Fennel seeds carminative, spasmolytic, anti-inflammatory, phytoestrogen, galactogogue indicated: flatulence, colic, stimulates digestion and appetite, calming effect for bronchitis, cough, infant colic, dyspepsia, maldigestion, IBS, catarrh of URT AEs: **celery allergy - although very rare*, CNS toxicity in high doses contraindicated: pregnancy, < 2 yo, prolonged use

Answer 39

Bladderwrack, kelp - iodine, nutritive, anti-obesity, antirheumatic indicated for: RA, iodine-deficient hypothyroidism, goiter, obesity AEs: could aggravate hyperthyroidism, long term ingestion could decrease iron absorption due to polysaccharide fucoidan, could be contaminated with heavy metals, acne contraindicated: hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, lactation interacts: anticoags, antiplatelet and thrombolytic agents

Answer 40

Cleavers aerial parts - alterative and lymphatic, diuretic and antinodular indications: topical for acne and chronic skin diseases, ulcers, festering glands, lumps in breast and skin rashes. internal for acute lower urinary tract infections, urolithiasis, lymphadenitis diuretic (avoid with Lithium)

Answer 41

Reishi mushroom - Adaptogen, immune activation, nervine, hypotensive, antiallergy, antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, antithrombotic AEs: darkened stool, diarrhea *allieviated when coadministered with Vit C* contraindicated: organ transplants and autoimmune interacts: immunosuppressive, sedatives, anticoags, and statins

Answer 42

Yellow jasmine dried rhizome **low dose herb** contains indole alkaloids and hydroxycoumarins - anticholinesterase, vasodilation, hypotensive, bronchodilation, affects smooth muscles, analgesic, mydriasis - it stimulates, then depresses neural function > antispasmodic, cardio-sedative indication:ovarian cyst pain, topical on the os to induce labor, insomnia, fever, nervous unrest, headache, convulsions, neuralgia, dysmenorrhea, asthma AEs: double vision, dry mouth, vomiting > loss of speech, pupil enlargement, trembling, paralysis, cyanosis, coma, death contraindicated: hypotension, MG, pregnancy, resp or cardiac disease could potentiate aspirin

Answer 43

Gentian rhizome and root bitter, cholagogue, hepatotonic, sialogogue, antimicrobial, emmenagogue indicated: dyspepsia, loss of appetite, flatulence, stimulates bile secretion, increases gut motility AEs: excess stomach acid and nausea CI: diarrhea, ulcers interacts: PPIs

Answer 44

American Cranesbill rhizome and leaves *tannins - astringent, styptic, venotonic indicated for: diarrhea and bleeding, hemorrhoids, gastritis, varicose veins, ulcers, menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, dysmenorrhea **only to be used short term**

Answer 45

ginkgo leaf - anti-neoplastic, anti-inflammatory, vasodilator, antioxidant, inflammation modulator, bronchodilator - nootropic: inhibits cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (caffeine), increases neuronal activity and memory - anti-platelet: inhibits PAF (platelet activating factor) to decrease plt agg and degranulation indicated: atherosclerosis, intermittent claudication, impotence, post-ischemic stroke, phlebitis, cerebrovascular insufficiency (depression, dementia, poor memory) contraindicated: intracranial bleed, severe bleeding interactions: blood thinners, as it inhibits PAF

Answer 46

Licorice root - Adaptogen, phytoestrogen, hepatoprotective, expectorant, anti-inflammatory, demulcent, antiviral, antibacterial *hy pylori* Indicated in: stress, fatigue, may be helpful in HIV infection, cough, bronchitis, catarrh of URT, ulcers, sore throat, gastritis, appendicitis, constipation, to increase milk production, adrenocorticoid insuff, insomnia AEs: can lead to pseudoaldosteronism, rhabdomyolysis, hypokalemia, reduces thyroid activity **contraindicated in HTN as it can increase corticosteroids and HTN**, hyperaldosteronism, cirrhosis, hepatitis, CHF, diabetes, pregnancy, long term use interacts: cardiac glycoside drugs * protects mucosal damage from ASA*

Answer 47

Gumweed leaves and flower **asteraceae family** inflammation modulator, respiratory stimulant**, relaxing expectorant, antispasmodic, cardiac tonic indicated: asthma, dry cough*, URTI, bronchitis, cough w arrhythmia/cardiac cough AEs: *selenium overdose, bradycaria

Answer 48

Gymnema leaf - hypolipidemic, anti-obesity indicated: DM, metabolic syndrome, weight loss, hypercholesterolemia AEs: aggravates reflux contraindicated: GERD interactions: will decrease insulin requirement, potentiates hypoglycemic drugs, could potentiate atorvastatin

Answer 49

Witch hazel twig and leaf *contains tannins - astringent*, anti-inflammatory, local hemostatic effects indications: *external use* all cases of bleeding, hemorrhoids, varicose veins, bruises, inflammation. can control diarrhea and dysentery, sore throat, tonsillitis, acute catarrh. can use internally, but use common sense. AEs: high doses can increase risk of esophageal and liver cancer (drinking teas 15-20 cups/day)

Answer 50

Devil's claw rhizome antiinflammatory, antirheumatic, anodyne, analgesic, bitter digestive stimulant, hepatic indicated: arthritis, tendonitis, dyspepsia, lack of appetite, liver and GB complaints interactions: ulcers, drugs not to be used with bitters, decreases the need for NSAIDs and other analgesics

Answer 51

Hops whole dried flowers - humulone can inhibit gram + and - bacteria, some fungi and yeast. other constituent has a sedative effects - nervine and sedative, phytoestrogen activity, digestive bitter, cholagogue, mild laxative indicated for: sleeplessness from worry, anxiety, nervousness, stimulate appetite and increase gastric juice secretion AEs: nausea, headache contraindications: depression, pregnancy interacts: barbiturates

Answer 52

Seven barks rhizome - diuretic, anti-lithic, antimicrobial used in UTIs, prostatitis, BPH, urolithiasis, dysuria, urethritis, acute nephritis, *acute pyelonephritis AEs: high doses can cause vertigo and feelings of constriction in the chest

Answer 53

Golden seal rhizome - hepatic, bitter, choleretic, anti-catarrhal, antimicrobial, immune modulator, antineoplastic, spasmolytic, astringent, "king of the mucous membranes" indicated: acute cystitis, poor digestion, catarrh on mucous membranes, URTIs, candidiasis, vaginitis, mastitis, gastroenteritis, H pylori, intestinal parasites, cholera, staph skin infection AEs: dysbiosis, berberine displaces BR from albumin, GI., dyspnea, bradycardia, spasms, delirium, hallucinations CI: bitter digestive CIs, long term high doses interacts: PPIs, hypoglycemic drugs, barbiturates, *reduces absorption of B vitamins, paclitaxel

Answer 54

Henbane leaves **low dose herb** * contains tropane alkaloids* - parasympatholytic or anticholinergic effects - sedative, hypnotic, antispasmodic indications: dyspepsia, spasms, cough, nervous irritability, insomnia, delirium AEs: same as bella donna and datura, death by asphyxiation contraindicated: tachy arrhythmias, prostatic adenoma, angle-closure glaucoma, megacolon interactions: anticholinergic drugs and amantidine

Answer 55

St. John's Wort buds - comparable to TCAs and SSRIs, dose is dependent on the inhibition of re-uptake for NE and 5-HTP > may increase serotonin, lower cortisol and act on GABA-R - antibacterial, anti-viral - anti-inflammatory, suppresses leukocyte infiltration on wounds - astringent, vulnerary, nervine indicated: depression, anxiety, skin inflammation wounds, burns, blunt injuries, wean people off MAOIs AEs: high doses with exposure to UV light causes rash, alopecia, diarrhea, indigestion, fatigue, depression, elevated liver enzymes contraindicated: suicidal ideation, high doses in pregnancy - useful in HIV infection, but avoided in patients who take antiretroviral drug therapy as it changes the metabolism and could lead to underexposure and treatment failure - induces CYP450 3A4: decreases effectiveness of warfarin - contraindicated in people taking OCPs, benzos, TCAs, SSRIs, theophylline, cyclosporine, digoxin, warfarin

Answer 56

Elecampagne rhizome **asteraceae family** - respiratory expectorant, antiseptic, diaphoretic, pulmonary tonic and demulcent (mucilage), antimicrobial and antihelminthic, antibiotic, antitussive, anticatarrhal indicated: asthma, COPD, wet cough and dry cough, spasmodic cough, URTI, bronchitis, intestinal parasites CI: pregnancy and allergy

Answer 57

Blue flag root **low dose herb** - lymphatic alterative, cholagogue indications: skin disease - eczema and psoriasis *liver detox*, indicated for an enlarged thyroid or lymphatic enlargement that is soft, without pain

Answer 58

Black Walnut bark, leaves, rind antihelminthic, antiparasitic, astringent, antimicrobial, hypolipidemic indicated: parasites and worms, chronic constipation, dysentery, hemorrhoids, high cholesterol AEs: N/V/diarrhea, *carcinogenic, mutagenic CI: pregnancy, long-term use

Answer 59

Juniper berry - diuretic, bacteriostatic, antiseptic, urinary sedative, digestive stimulant bitter indicated: hypochlorhydria, dydpepsia, maldigestion, biliary insufficiency, dyskinesia, anorexia, atonic constipation, gas *lower UTI and renal atonia* AEs: has thujone: emmenagogue, abortifacient, convulsions CI: pregnancy, breastfeeding, inflammatory renal dz

Answer 60

Chaparral aerial parts - infection, anti-neoplastic, antimicrobial, antiallergic, antispasmodic, expectorant topical: herpes, poultice for resp problems, skin complaints internal: ; allergic rhinitis, cancer, infections d/t bacteria, yeast, larvae, viruses, and parasites AEs: has a strong tae, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, hepatotoxicity, contact dermatitis contraindicated: **NOT safe for use in children, can be hepatotoxic in large doses**, high doses and long term use interacts: hepatotoxic drugs and CYP450

Answer 61

Motherwort whole plant * cardiac glycosides - hypotensive, inhibits myocardial cell firing, diuretic, antispasmodic (uterus and blood vessels), sedative (but takes months), improves mesenteric circulation and coronary perfusion indicated: nervousness, irritable, restless, menopause, hyperthyroidism, palpitations/anxiety, reduced coronary perfusion contraindicated: pregnancy

Answer 62

Black root - hepatic, bitter digestive and hepatotonic, diaphoretic indicated: poor digestion, hepatitis, liver congestion, cholecystitis CI: normal bitter digestive

Answer 63

Osha root - antimicrobial, antiviral, antiseptic, stimulant, diaphoretic, carminative, (similar to lomatium) indication: upper and lower respiratory tract infection, viral infections, induces sweating dont use in pregnancy

Answer 64

Chinese privet - Adaptogen, immune modulating, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic indicated: infections, hypercholesterolemia, hepatitis, adjunct to chemo to protect BM interacts: could antagonize immune suppression therapy

Answer 65

Flax seed *richest known source of omega 3s and lignans* demulcent, laxative, emollient, antitussive, anodyne, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, antineoplastic/antimycotic/antioxidant/antiestestrogenic (lignans) indicated: constipation, GI irritation, nutritive, hormone balance, breast CA contraindicated: ileus, stricture, acute inflammation interactions: could delay absorption of other drugs

Answer 66

Indian tobacco, Pukeweed aerial parts **low dose herb** * initially CNS stimulation > respiratory depression (similar to nicotine in that it has peripheral and central nervous system effects) - parturifacient when applied to the os. stimulating expectorant, lung tonic, spasmolytic, nervine, diuretic cathartic indicated: used in wet/spasmodic cough, acute asthma, URTI, dyspnea, smooth muscle spasm. topical for rigid os preventing labor AEs:tachycardia, diaphoresis, resp dep, unconsciousness, death *will vomit first* contraindicated in dry cough (same as sanguinaria, aspidosperma), cardiac hypertrophy, HTN, heart block, weak, pregnancy, lactation, infants, high doses

Answer 67

Indian balsam root - antiviral, bacterial and fungicidal, immune stimulating, antitussive, expectorant indicated: viral resp infection, cough, cold, bronchitis, influenza, pneumonia, TB side effects: photosensitization *safe for use in children, but can cause a full body pruritic rash in rare cases, looks like measles* contraindicated: pregnancy

Answer 68

Bugleweed aerial perts **low dose herb** - antigonadotropic (lower PRL), antithyrotropic (inhibits peripheral de-iodination of T4 > T3 in the liver), will normalize an overactive thyroid, inhibits TSH which then lowers T4 production, corrects heart beat irregularity, cardiac sedative, nervine, calms nervous cough indications: a mild overactive thyroid, hyperthyroidism, nervousness, insomnia, PMS contraindicated: hypothyroidism, goiter, dont give with thyroid hormone, infertility, pregnancy interactions: hypothyroid meds

Answer 69

Chamomile flower **Asteraceae family** carminative, mildly bitter digestive, sedative, anti-inflammatory, anodyne, antimicrobial, anti-allergy, vulnerary, anti-emetic, spasmolytic, diaphoretic, hypnotic, anxiolytic, nervine indicated: IBD, digestion complaints, decrease stomach ulcer healing time, helps prevent formation of ulcers d/t ASA/EtOH/stress, relax smooth muscle, stimulate B-lymphocyte and macrophage activity, atopic derm, skin ulcers, wounds, N/V in pregnancy, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, leukorrhea, infant colic, gas, gastritis, smooth muscle spasms, fever, periodontal disease, gingivitis, insomnia, anxiety, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis AEs: sensitivity to chamomile, pregnancy? interacts: can potentiate sedatives - antihistamines, barbiturates, benzos, opiates, hydrocodone, morphine, trazodone, zolpidem

Answer 70

Alfalfa whole plant or seeds - phytoestrogen, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, cholesterol lowering (saponins) indicated: endometriosis, hyperestrogen, infertility, menopause AEs: if spoiled, might contain E coli, bacillus cereus, salmonella contraindicated: gout, SLE, pregnancy interacts: hypoglycemic drugs, anticoags, HRT, CYP450

Answer 71

Tea tree leaves - antifungal, microbial and antiseptic, immune stimulating: causes autolysis of bacteria *staph aureus, E coli* topical: dermatophytosis, onychomycosis, acne, thrush, vaginitis, staph skin infections, wounds, insect bites can have a burning sensation dont use over large areas of broken skin or internally

Answer 72

Lemon balm leaves and oil carminative, anti-spasmodic, and sedative, antiviral indicated for IBS from anxiety and depression, relieves colic, cardiac problems related to anxiety/restlessness, also used as a topical for skin irritations *safe for use in children* (Lemon balm, leonurus, and lycopus for hyperthyroidism)

Answer 73

Peppermint leaves spasmolytic, antiviral, antimicrobial, diuretic, carminative, sedative, cooling to skin indicated for: nausea, flatulence, abd discomfort, and diarrhea, cholelithiasis, infant colic, IBS, IBD, nausea. vomiting. topical - myalgia, OA, RA, headaches, strains, sprains AEs: avoid with G6PD def, prolonged use as an inhalant contraindications: pregnancy (emmenagogue), GERD, biliary occlusion, GB inflammation, severe liver damage interacts: CCBs

Answer 74

Partridge berry aerial parts - parturifacient, uterine tonic, emmenagogue, alterative, astringent, diuretic indicated: dysmenorrhea, infertility, leiomyoma, menorrhagia, poor uterine tone, preparing for childbirth contraindicated in early pregnancy

Answer 75

Bitter melon leaves, fruits, seeds, and seed oil hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic, emmenagogue indicated for: late-onset diabetes, non-insulin dependent diabetes AEs: possible food intolerance contraindicated: pregnancy d/t emmenagogue/abortifacient activity, hypoglycemia, lactation interacts: antidiabetic agents could increase risk of hypoglycemia, anticholesterol agents

Answer 76

olive dried leaves and fresh branches w flower fruit: lecithin and bitter, leaf: bitter glycoside - nutritive, emollient, demulcent leaf: increases phagocytosis, bitter, antibacterial and antiviral, antiviral, antipyretic, antifungal, hypotensive and hypoglycemic olive leaf extract (oil): calcium elenolate kills viruses and bacteria, oleuropein inhibits LDL oxidation and antioxidant, increases coronary blood flow, emollient, cholagogue, mild laxative, hypotensive, hypocholesterolemic indications: fruit oil: externally for dry skin, cradle cap, internally to decrease heart disease risk leaf: HTN leaf extract: malaria, chills, diarrhea, severe viral infection, fevers and chills contraindications: large gallstones cautions: take after meals as the extract is a GI irritant could potentiate warfarin and hypoglycemic drugs

Answer 77

Korean/American Ginseng - Adaptogen, vulnerary, anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, phytoestrogen, *ginseng - yang tonic, quin - yin tonic* indicated: may be helpful in HIV infection, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, cancer, infection, auto-immune disease, male infertility, fatigue, stress, diabetes, hyperestrogenism, hypoestrogenism, opiate withdrawal AEs: mastalgia, PMB, *ginseng abuse syndrome: euphoria, diarrhea, nervousness, insomnia, HTN, skin eruptions* contraindicated: HTN, hemorrhage, asthma, anxiety, depression, psoriasis, long term use, high doses, pregnancy could potentiate MAOIs, morphine, insulin, hypoglycemic drugs, immune drugs. antagonize warfarin, immune suppression therapy

Answer 78

Passion flower whole plant - glycosides with hypotensive effects, stimulates respiration - nervine, sedative, antispasmodic indicated: insomnia, nervousness, restlessness, spasms, convulsions, nervous palpitations and tachycardia contraindicated: pregnancy (uterine stimulant) interacts: SSRIs, MAOIs, sedatives

Answer 79

Yohimbe bark **low dose herb** - aphrodisiac, *a2 adrenergic blocker, serotonin antagonist: stimulates erection and salivation, prolongs and strengthens erection, cerebral stimulant indicated: impotence, ED, depression, narcolepsy AEs: nausea, salivation, dizziness, nervousness, insomnia, anxiety, mania, mydriasis, HTN, edema fatigue, paralysis, HAs, diuresis, palpitations, tachypnea, resp paralysis, cardiac paralysis, death contraindicated: schizophrenia, panic attacks, PTSD, CAD, severe edema, HTN, angina, peptic ulcer, renal disease, liver disease, prostatitis, pregnancy, lactation interacts: a-adrenergic blockers, TCAs, MAOIs, sympathomimetics, clonidine, atropine

Answer 80

Poke Root **low dose herb** - alterative, lymphatic, antiviral, saponins have an emetic effect indicated: cleansing of lymph glands, URTI (catarrh, tonsillitis, laryngitis, swollen glands, mumps), topical for mastitis AEs: large doses - emetic and purgative CI: pregnancy, long term in lactation and high doses

Answer 81

kava kava rhizome **low dose herb** - analgesic (inhibits COX2), antinociceptive, inhibits the limbic system (sedative, anxiolytic) and sodium ion currents (skeletal muscle relaxant, antispasmodic) indicated for anxiety, restlessness, tension, agitation, neuralgia (facial, trigeminal, toothache) *can help with benzo withdrawal symptoms* AEs: hepatotoxicity, addictive, exfoliative dermatitis, ulcers, vomiting, LOC contraindicated in hx of liver disease, depression as it increases suicide danger, enters breast milk and should not be used in pregnancy interacts: antipsychotics and benzos

Answer 82

Jamaican dogwood bark **low dose herb** - sedative, analgesic, anodyne indicated: anxiety, fear, daytime sedative, myalgia, spasms AEs: in high doses - N/V, salivation, sweating, hyporeflexia, bradycardia, mydriasis, depressed consciousness, convulsion, respiratory depression, heart failure, death contraindicated: pregnancy interacts: sedatives

Answer 83

Plantain leaf and aerial parts - demulcent and vulnerary, astringent and antimicrobial for dermatitis, wounds and ulcerations - expectorant: ideal for coughs and mild bronchitis, - astringent: diarrhea, hemorrhoids, cystitis

Answer 84

American mandrake, mayapple rhizome and resin **not used anymore** **low dose herb** purgative, antitumor indicated: warts, constipation, cancer AEs: should not be taken internally: can aggravate abd pain, bloody watery diarrhea, vomiting bile, collapse and death via resp failure contraindicated: pregnancy, gallstones

Answer 85

dried bark - prostatic tonic, 5aRI, anti-inflammatory indicated: BPH, chronic prostatits, low prostatic secretions AEs: possible GI irritation, nausea, stomach pain contraindicated: pregnancy, lactation interacts: 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (finasteride, pygeum, serenoa)

Answer 86

Wild black cherry, choke cherry inner bark - relaxing expectorant, astringent, antitussive, mild sedative indication:irritating/spasmodic cough, bronchitis and whooping cough AEs: large doses are toxic contraindicated: pregnancy

Answer 87

Pulsatilla, Wind Flower, Pasque Flower, fresh whole plant - antipyretic, strong local irritant to mucus membrane and skin, nervine, sedative, emmenagogue indicated: pain, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, PMS, leukorrhea, insomnia, nervousness, headache, URTI, asthma, indigestion, IBS AEs: extended contact with plant > blisters, unsafe orally contraindicated: pregnancy

Answer 88

Red Oak bark * tannins = astringent, styptic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic topical: varicosities, anal fissure, wounds, burns, strains, sprains **weeping eczema**, *hemorrhoids* douche: leukorrhea, vaginal prolapse, PP uterine bleeding internal: **diarrhea*, dysentery, rectal bleed, IBD, ulcers AEs: IDA*, malabsorption occurs with long time use contraindicated: HF, constipation, IDA interactions: tannins reduce drug absorption

Answer 89

snake root **low dose herb** * indole alkaloid reserpine* - antihypertensive alkaloids: releases noradrenaline and inhibits its resorption > lowers catecholamines > hypotensive effect - antiarrhythmic alkaloids ajmaline indications: HTN, nervousness, insomnia AEs: nasal congestion, depression, tiredness, ED contraindicated: depression, PD, ulceration, pheochromocytoma, pregnancy, lactation interacts: increases alcohol impairment, increases effect of neuroleptics and barbituates, severe bradycardia with digitalis glycosides, herb effect is reduced w/ levodopa, increase in extra pyramidal motor sxs w sympathomimetics

Answer 90

Frangula and Cascara sagrada dried bark laxative, cathartic, emetic, bitter *induces active secretion of electrolytes and water into the lumen and inhibits the absorption of water and electrolytes by stimulating contractions indicated: constipation AEs: harmless red urine and feces, pseudomelanosis coli contraindicated: pregnancy, breastfeeding, obstruction, children < 12, for more than 1-2 weeks, bloody diarrhea interacts: hypoK drugs

Answer 91

Rhodiola root - adaptogen, antistress, antioxidant, antineoplastic, cardioprotective indications: increase physical endurance, work, productivity, longevity, resistance to altitude sickness, fatigue, depression, anemia, impotence, GI ailments, infections, nervous system *most indicated for fatigue, exercise endurance, and general well-being* AEs: activating yet antidepressant effect - do not use in patients with bipolar, take early in the day to not interfere with sleep contraindications: manic interactions: could interact with stimulants

Answer 92

Castor oil from seeds **severely poisonous* laxative, purgative *ricinoleic acid > an anti-aborptive and secretogenic indicated: constipation, external for inflammatory skin disorders, furuncles, carbuncles, abscesses AEs: same as all cathartic laxatives. 12 beans can kill someone - death by hypovolemic shock - TX with IV diazepam and fluids avoid hypoK drugs

Answer 93

Rosemary oil from leaves antimicrobial, hypertensive, circ stimulant, antioxidant, carminative, circulation improvement when applied topically, nervine topical: myalgia, neuralgia, arthritis internal: dyspepsia, loss of appetite AEs: at toxic doses > coma, spasm, vomiting, death CI: pregnancy, epilepsy interacts: doxorubicin, vinblastine

Answer 94

Raspberry leaves and fruit - parturifacient (strengthens contractions, reduces hemorrhage during labor), uterine tonic, astringent, inflammation modulator indicated: prep for labor as it strengthens uterine tone, diarrhea, leukorrhea, aphthous ulcers, gingivitis, conjunctivitis contraindicated: early stages of pregnancy * contains tannins, vitamin C

Answer 95

Yellow Dock root regulator, alterative, hepatoprotective, laxative indicated: mild constipation, sluggish digestion, liver congestion, scurvy, blood cleansing, inflammatory and hormonal skin conditions - acne AEs: same as other cathartic laxatives contraindicated: GI irritation, kidney disease, oxalates interacts: hypoK drugs

Answer 96

white willow bark - analgesic, anti-inflammatory, febrifuge, anti-rheumatic indicated: rheumatism, gout, fevers, aches, pains, menstrual pain, sweating, hot flashes AEs: *salicylism (N/V) from tannins, Gi irritation, tinnitus, lethargy, dizziness, cerebral edema, seizures contraindicated: children w flulike sxs **REYES SYNDROME**, salicylate sensitivity, G6PD def, pregnancy, lactation, long term use interacts: acetaminophen and NSAIDs, warfarin

Answer 97

Sage leaf antimicrobial, anti-secretory, astringent, anti-inflammatory, carminative indicated: inflammation of mouth throat and tonsils, internally as a mouthwash for gingivitis, glossitis, stomatitis, gargle for aphthous ulcer, laryngitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis. a compress for wound healing internal: carminative, can *lessen production of breast milk AEs: thujone emmenagogue, abortifacient, convulsions contraindicated - large doses due to thujone, pregnancy (stimulates uterine contraction)

Answer 98

elder berry flower: diaphoretic, anti-catarrhal, anti-spasmodic: *cold and influenza, *any catarrhal URTI leaf: diuretic, diaphoretic, expectorant, emollient, vulnerary: *topically for bruises, sprains, wounds berry: diaphoretic, diuretic, laxative, antirheumatic: *rheumatism * safe for use in children*

Answer 99

Bloodroot **low dose herb** - stimulating expectorant, escharotic, antimicrobial, cholagogue, sialogogue external: cervical dysplasia, BCC, SCC, tinea pedia, warts, nasal polyps oral rinse: gingivitis, periodontal disease, tickling cough, amenorrhea, hep A *stimulating expectorant used in wet cough to promote expectoration - but we dont use internally anymore - DEATH* Aes: oral leukoplakia with long term use contraindicated in dry cough (same as aspidosperma, lobelia), closed angle glaucoma, pregnancy, lactation, infants

Answer 100

Schisandra berries - Adaptogen and immune modulating, hepatoprotective, stimulant, sedative, expectorant, anti-tussive, sexual tonic indicated: chronic hepatitis, liver damage fatigue, physical stress debility, depression, insomnia, liver detox contraindicated in autoimmune conditions, epilepsy, severe HTN, intercranial pressure interacts:potentiates barbiturates, decreases acetaminophen toxicity, inhibits CYP 450, used for withdrawal from benzos and opiates

Answer 101

Chinese skullcap root antioxidant, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antirheumatic, anticancer indicated: Bi CLEANSE the SInuS *asthma, hay fever, dermatitis, acute infections* (different than lateriflora indications) AEs: hepatotoxicity, sedation, hypotension CI: early pregnancy interacts: warfarin, sedatives, barbiturates, benzos, opiates, trazodone, zolpidem

Answer 102

skullcap aerial parts - anti-spasmodic and nervine, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anodyne indicated: *need to LAY on the FLORA*: insomnia, anxiety, pain, nervousness, headache, delirium, seizures, irregular arrhythmias, fasciculations* (different than bicalensis indications) AEs: tremors, hepatotoxic

Answer 103

night-blooming cactus flowers and stems **low dose herb** similar effects to digitalis (stimulation, vessel dilation) but also stimulates motor neurons of the spinal cord -sympathetic stimulant to the heart and kidneys, diuretic indicated: impaired heart function, rapid pulse with edema, mitral regurgitation, angina, palpitations, chest pain, dyspnea, arrhythmia, prostatitis, kidney congestion AEs: nausea, vomiting, arrhythmia, tachycardia, confusion, headache, GI distress, heart failure contraindicated: pregnancy, lactation, and high doses interactions: might potentiate MAOIs (phenelzine)

Answer 104

Saw palmetto fruit - prostatic tonic, 5aRI (anti-androgenic, antiestrogenic, anti-inflammatory: inhibits the binding of DHT to receptors > prevents accumulation of the steroid. inhibits conversion of T > DHT and DHT > androgens indicated: BPH, inflammation of urinary tract and bladder, nocturnal enuresis, libido AEs: pregnancy, BF contraindicated prior to surgery as it carries a risk of hemorrhage interacts: warfarin, 5aRI, hormone-like drugs, adrenergic drugs, iron *tannins

Answer 105

Milk Thistle seeds **asteraceae family** hepatotropic, hepatorestorative, cholagogue, anti-inflammatory *silymarin: inhibits the entrance of toxins into liver, decreases production of free radicals in Kuppfer cells, inhibits LT formation (cirrhosis and fibrosis), increases GSH production indicated: dyspepsia, toxic liver damage, hepatic cirrhosis AEs: sweating, abd cramping, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea contraindicated: pregnancy interacts: protects against SEs of acetaminophen, cisplatin, cyclosporine, and MTX. potentiates doxorubicin

Answer 106

Sarsaparilla root - alterative, antirheumatic, diaphoretic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic (steroidal saponins) indicated: GOUT, chronic dermatitis, psoriasis, fevers, arthritis, rheumatic complaints, reduction of pain and inflammation associated with OA

Answer 107

Goldenrod aerial parts **Asteraceae family** - antimicrobial and anticatarrhal, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, carminative, expectorant indicated: URTI with catarrh*, influenza, flatulence, cystitis, urethritis, dysuria, anuria contraindicated in high doses and aster allergy

Answer 108

Comfrey root, rhizome, and leaf - demulcent (ulcers), expectorant, vulnerary used topically for wound healing, astringent (hemorrhages) * allantoin stimulates cell proliferation to support wound healing - internal and external* topical: wounds, dermatitis, osseous fractures, ulcer, bruises, gingivitis, mastitis internal: dry cough, hemoptysis, inflammation of the lungs and GI, UTI, dysentery, GU bleed AEs: HVOD, hepatic failure CIs: cannot use internally d/t **unsaturated** pyrrolizidine alkaloids that are heptotoxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic **saturated ones are OK (tussilago, inula, echinacea)** **use with caution if sign of infection as it can cause would to close too soon and trap the infection**

Answer 109

Feverfew leaf and flower **Asteraceae family** - antiinflammatory (inhibits PGs, not COX. blocks plt granule secretion, decreases vascular smooth muscle spasm), vasodilator, bitter, antitumor, anti mast cell indicated: prevention and treatment of *migraine headaches (so is petasites but isnt on our list), digestive problems, RA, irregular menstruation topical: antispetic, toothache, insecticide AEs: blood thinning contraindicated: **pregnancy - may stimulate uterine contractions**, aster family interacts: morphine, blood thinners

Answer 110

Tansy flowering herb **low dose herb** **asteraceae family** * thujone - insect repellent *sesquiterpene lactones in leaves are antimicrobial and antihelminthic *polysaccharides are ulcer protective - emmenagogue, bitter, and astringent indicated: worms, parasites, gingivitis, weak digestion, amenorrhea contraindicated: pregnancy, GI irritation

Answer 111

Dandelion root/leaf **asteraceae family** - root is a hepatotonic and cholagogue, bitter, antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory - leaf is a bitter, diuretic, antiviral, choleretic root: poor digestion, cholecystitis leaf: lower UTIs, urolithiasis, edema, topical warts, CHF leaf: contraindicated w use of BBs contraindicated in bitter digestive complaints and asteraceae whole plant is diuretic (avoid with Lithium) interacts: PPIs, Li, hypoglycemics, *reduces vit B absorption*

Answer 112

Cocoa seed skins purine alkaloids (theobromine and caffeine), fats (oleic and stearic acid), protein substances, starch, saccharides (glucose and fructose), isoquinolone alkaloids, catechin tannins -methylxantines/thebromine: diuretic, broncholytic, and vasodilatory, muscle relaxant, stimlate cardiac muscle indications: bronchial smooth muscle spasms, cardiovascular health, diarrhea AEs: tannins can cause constipation, insomnia in high doses, amines can trigger a migraine

Answer 113

Thuja leaves genitourinary antiseptic, diuretic topical: warts, leukorrhea, anal fissures, chancre, ulcers internal: pharyngitis, tonsillitis, bronchitis, incontinence, enuresis, GU catarrh AEs (at high doses): N/V/impotence, fatty liver, insomnia, nightmares, hallucinations, convulsions. Thujone is an emmenagogue, abortifacient, and possible carcinogen CI: large doses (thujone), pregnancy (abortifacient(, and lactation

Answer 114

Thyme leaf and flowering top - bronchial antispasmodic and expectorant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, protozoan, antioxidant, spasmolytic, carminative indicated: dyspepsia and slow digestion, infected wounds and respiratory and digestive infections, spasmodic cough, eases sore throats contraindications: long term use, pregnancy

Answer 115

Linden flower diaphoretic, antitussive, spasmolytic, nervine, analgesic indicated: cough and bronchitis

Answer 116

Bindii aerial parts - sex hormone enhancer (estrogenic in females and androgenic in males), negative chronotropic indications: infertility, impotence, decreased libido, fatigue, convalescence, CAD AEs: aggravates GERD, insomnia, menorrhagia contraindicated: GERD, cholestasis, BPH, pregnancy, lactation interacts: could potentiate cardiac glycosides, BBs, and CCBs

Answer 117

Red Clover flower - alterative, expectorant, anti-spasmodic, anti-tumor indicated: childhood eczema, psoriasis, chronic skin conditions (topical). coughs, bronchitis, whooping cough cancerous growths (topical) contraindicated: estrogen sensitive breast cancers (disproven), bleeding disorders interacts: warfarin

Answer 118

Coltsfoot flower and leaf *pyrrolizidine alkaloids: antibacterial, carcinogenic and hepatotoxic. demulcent, antiinflammatory (zinc content), antitussive, expectorant, antispasmodic indicated: soothing expectorant for as antispasmodic cough, chronic or acute bronchitis, irritating cough, whooping cough, asthma AEs: pyrrolizidine alkaloids - however no danger if they are in a **tea form in low amounts** contraindicated: pregnancy, lactation synergistic w hepatotoxic drugs

Answer 119

Slippery Elm inner rind demulcent, astringent, anti-inflammatory indicated: irritated and inflamed mucus membranes, externally as a poultice for wounds burns and swollen glands take 2 hours away from iron

Answer 120

Stinging Nettle flowering plant and roots - leaf is astringent, diuretic, rubefacient, counter-irritant - lignans in the root bing to SHBG of prostate tissue, inhibiting prostate cell metabolism and growth (BPH sx relief), *think 5aR inhibitor* topical flowering plant: rubefacient for rheumatic dz internal flowering plant: UTIs, kidney and bladder stones internal root: prostate, irritable bladder - reduces prostate sxs by reducing residual urine and increasing flow *it does not eliminate the enlargement* AEs: stinging from the fresh leaf contraindicated: pregnancy (diuretic effects), when there is fluid retention d/t reduced heart or kidney function interacts: tannins *iron*

Answer 121

Old Man's Beard antimicrobial and antifungal (not so much antiviral), bitter inhibits gram + bacteria, M tuberculum, pneumococcus, strep hemolyticus, corynebacterium diphtheriae can be hepatotoxic when using isolated usneic acid

Answer 122

Bilberry, Blue Berry leaf and fruit - contains potent antioxidants, used for microvascular protection, venotonic, anti-diarrheal, nutrient, astringent, hypoglycemic leaf: acute or chronic dysentery, cystitis, DM, (external for burns or skin disease) fruit: diarrhea, myopia, retinopathies, inflammation, varicose veins AEs: diarrhea, long term use of leaf can damage liver and kidneys d/y hydroquinones contraindicated: pregnancy, lactation interacts: insulin, hypoglycemics, tannins

Answer 123

Valerian root - sedative, anodyne, spasmolytic, decreases degradation of GABA indicated: insomnia, anxiety, smooth muscle spasms, epilepsy AEs: drowsiness, headache, vertigo, restlessness, insomnia GERD, CNS paralysis contraindications: liver disease interactions: dont mix with other hepatotoxic agents - alcohol, opioids, barbs, benzos. *tannin content could decrease iron absorption

Answer 124

american hellebore dried rhizome and root **low dose herb** -circulatory depressant, antispasmodic, hypotensive album: protoveratrine A and B are sensory nerve irritants and inhibit activation of Na channels - indicated: internal hypertension and topical insecticide viride: alkaloids inhibit activation of Na channels in heart cell regulators to reduce BP and slow HR - indicated: rapid full pulse, HTN, fever, inflammation, flushed skin, blood shot eyes AEs: lacrimation, salivation, vomiting, burning sensation in mouth and throat, inability to swallow, vertigo, paralysis, convulsions, death **give atropine and send to ED** **do not ever prescribe this. extremely toxic** CI in pregnancy and lactation

Answer 125

Mullein leaf and flower demulcent, relaxing expectorant, astringent, antitussive. GU sedative, anodyne, diuretic indicated: internally to reduce *hard cough with soreness* coughing and respiratory irritation (less commonly chronic cystitis and urinary incontinence), externally for otitis media/externa and rheumatic joints **internal use is controversial bc it contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids > liver damage**

Answer 126

Vervain aerial parts - diaphoretic, expectorant, galactogogue, emmenagogue, antiperiodic (the prevention of commonly recurring sxs) * iridoid glycosides can cause paralysis and stimulates the uterus at high doses. verbenaline has antitussive and lactation-promoting properties indicated: fever, sore throat, gargle, itchy skin, burns, arthritis, rheumatism, dislocations, contusions dont use in pregnancy

Answer 127

Cramp bark and Black Haw bark and root -spasmolytic, astringent, emmenagogue, nervine, sedative, hypotensive indicated: dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, PMS, threatened miscarriage, premature labor, smooth muscle spasms, acute urolithiasis, myalgia, HTN, arthritis raw fruit will cause GI discomfort

Answer 128

Greater and lesser periwinkle dried leaves - hypotensive: vincamine alkaloids - circulatory stimulant/increased blood flow to the brain: vinpocetine pharmaceutical for alzheimers is derived from vincamine indiacted: circulatory disorders, cerebral circulatory impairment, memory loss, hypertension, concussion management (get a CT first to rule out brain bleed) AEs: GI complaints, flushing contraindicated: pregnancy, severe cerebral hemorrhage

Answer 129

European/American mistletoe twigs **low dose herb** - hypotensive, cytotoxic, immunostimulating: lectins: stimulated mononuclear phagocytic system and macrophage derived cytokines - antineoplastic: stimulation of enzymes that repair damaged DNA - anti-inflammatory, cerebral circulatory stimulant indicated: subQ injection: tumor inhibition internal: HTN, weak irregular heart with hypertrophy, SOB, valvular insufficiency, nervous tachycardia, epilepsy, neuralgic or rheumatic pains AEs: local inflammation around site, high fever, chills, headaches, death contraindicated: chronic and progressive infections (TB, AIDS), CNS or spinal tumors, pregnancy, fever, allergy interacts: tannins might complex with iron

Answer 130

Chaste Tree berry - normalizes female sex hormones and pituitary gland function, uterine tonic (supports the corpus luteum by increasing progesterone and decreasing estrogen), galactagogue indications: teen acne, fibroids cysts, trying to conceive, post OCP use, irregular menstruation, short cycles, dysmenorrhea, PMS, menopause AEs: rashes contraindicated: stop taking as soon as you become pregnant, lactation interacts: DA antagonists and DA receptor blocking agents

Answer 131

Ashwagandha root -Adaptogen, immune modulating, hypotensive, sedative, enhances cognition indicated: stress, inflammation, insomnia, nervous exhaustion, asthma, bronchitis, infection, anxiety, low libido, opiate withdrawal contraindicated: pregnancy interacts: barbiturates, epileptics, immune suppression therapy

Answer 132

Ginger root carminative, antispasmodic, warming stimulant, anti-emetic, rubefacient, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, anti-inflammatory indicated for: nausea, flatulence, abd discomfort, and diarrhea, loss of appetite, motion sickness, RA (inhibits COX and LOX) AEs: Gi complaints contraindicated: no more than 2 g in pregnancy, dont take with gallstones, not in pts at risk of hemorrhage interacts: anticoags

Answer 133

Larrea, coleus, chelidonium, rhamnus, atropa, uva ursi, salix alba

Answer 134

coleus, convallaria, digitalis, leonurus

Answer 135

diuretics (furosemide, HCTZ) corticosteroids (hydrocortisone, prednisone, dexamethasone) cardiac glycosides (digoxin, convallaria, digitalis, leonurus) anti-arrhythmics (atenolol, propranolol, amiodarone) pseudoephedrine Glycyrrhiza AVOID: diuretics and laxatives (as they can add to hypokalemia)

Answer 136

``` Aconitum, Aspidosperma, Atropa Baptisia, Bryonia Convallaria Datura, Digitalis Ephedra Gelsemium sempervirens Hyoscyamus niger Iris versicolor Lobelia, Lycopus, Larrea Yohimbe, Phytolacca, Piper methysticum, piscidia, Podophyllum, Pulsatilla Rauwolfia Sanguinaria, Selenicereus Tanacetum, Thuja Veratrums, Viscums ```

Answer 137

``` Arnica, Artemesia Calendula, Cynara Echinacea, Eupatoriums Grindelia Inula Matricaria Silybum, Solidago Tanacetum, Taraxacum, Tussilago ```

Answer 138

atropine, bupropion, dextromethorphan, dicyclomine, diphenhydramine, tiotropium bromide, tolterodine belladonna, stramonium, hyoscyamus

Answer 139

GERD, active peptic ulcers, gastritis, biliary obstruction, acute cholelithiasis, diarrhea

Answer 140

diuretics: specifically arctium, galium, taraxacum whole plant

Answer 141

arctium, berberis, rumex: inflammatory and hormonal skin conditions - acne galium: alterative and lymphatic - acne and chronic skin diseases taraxacum (whole plant): hepatoprotective and diuretic achillea - bitter digestive stimulant, vulnerary, styptic plantago - demulcent and vulnerary for dermatitis, wounds and ulcerations symphytum - demulcent, expectorant, vulnerary used topically for wound healing solidago spp - antimicrobial and anticatarrhal used in URTI

Answer 142

Harpagophytum, Smilax, Curcuma, and Boswellia fucus: RA and hypothyroidism Corydalis: analgesic, hypnotic, and sedative used in dysmenorrhea Esch: nerve pain, anxiety, insomnia (not joint pain)

Answer 143

hepatotoxic and carcinogenic in large doses - petasides hybridus (not on list) - verbascum - symphytum - tussilago

Answer 144

Verbascum, Sanguinaria, Podophyllum, Pulsatilla, Melaleuca, Cineraria maritima, Bryonia *there mighttttt be more

Answer 145

Ganoderma, Curcuma, Larrea, Ginkgo, Camellia - antineoplastic serenoa: inhibits T activity arctostaphylos uva-ursi, hydrangea, juniperus: antimicrobial and used in UTIs gallium: alterative for chronic skin disease and lower urinary tract infections - not prostate CA sanguinaria: rarely used internally d/t escharotic action

Answer 146

zea mays, althea, uva ursi (however they are not indicated in pyelonephritis - use ABX) allium is antimicrobial, but not for UT eupatorium is a diaphoretic and immune and digestive stimulant with an affinity for the resp and GI systems

Answer 147

Panax ginseng, Glycyrrhiza and Echinacea - helpful in HIV infection Hypericum is also helpful in HIV infection, but is avoided in pts on ART Larrea: cancer and infection, not HIV Solidago: URTI with significant cattarh Usnea: antmicrobial Baptisia: URI with cattarh Hydrastis: antimicrobial and immune modulating

Answer 148

melissa, mentha, zingiber

Answer 149

lessens: salvia increases: glycyrrhiza, verbena

Answer 150

ephedra, yohimbe, rauwolfia S: albuterol, epinephrine, phenylephrine, pseudoephedrine, salbutamol

Answer 151

wet: aspidosperma, inula*, lobelia*, sanguinaria dry: grindelia, inula*, symphytum spasmodic: asclepius, ceanothus, datura, hyoscyamus, inula*, larrea, lobelia*, prunus, thymus, trifolium, tussilago

Answer 152

garlic (allium sativum), ginkgo, ginseng, goldenseal (hydrastis), grapefruit juice milk thistle, SJW, echineacea, piper methysticum, vaccinium, mentha piperita

DONE: Botanicals Flashcards

Listed in alphabetical order. Main concepts at the end of the list marked with ZZ. (176 cards)