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Boham NPLEX 2 Flashcards > Phrases, Mneumonics > Flashcards

Phrases, Mneumonics Flashcards

triads, phrases, words that you should be able to associate to diseases, etc (103 cards)

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1
Q

cottage cheese and ketchup appearance

A

retinal hemorrhage

seen in CMV retinitis (most common CMV manifestation in HIV patients with CD4 count < 50)

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2
Q

HLA B27

A

ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, ulcerative colitis, reactive arthritis (all seronegative AKA negative RF)

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3
Q

Drusen

A

Macular degeneration

yellow-white deposits seen in dry MD between retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch’s membrane. Eventually Drusen causes growth and proliferation of choroidal capillaries that causes retinal cells to die creating blind spots (wet MD)

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4
Q

flashes of light

A

retinal detachment

retinal photoreceptors are being stimulated by the separation of the retina

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5
Q

cotton wool spots

A

hypertensive or diabetic retinopathy

white, fluffy patches that occur secondary to ischemia from retinal arteriole obstruction

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6
Q

corynebacterium, gray pseudomembrane

A

diphtheria

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7
Q

mastoiditis triad

A

otorrhea, TTP over mastoid process, retroauricular swelling with protruding ear

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8
Q

treatment with amoxicillin > rash

A

infectious mononucleosis

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9
Q

Tumarkin attacks

A

drop attacks in Meniere’s

a sudden fall without loss of consciousness

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10
Q

Schwart’z sign on otoscopic exam

A

otosclerosis

normal TM with a faint pink tinge due to neovascularization of otosclerotic bone

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11
Q

Carhart notch

A

otosclerosis

audiometric artifact due to stapes fixation > reduction in bone conduction hypersensitivity

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12
Q

hyphae, pseudohyphae

A

candida

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13
Q

pellagra

A

P3llagra, B3, D3

B3 (niacin) deficiency

diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia (also death)

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14
Q

Quincy triad

A

trismus (inability to open oral cavity), uvular deviation, dysphonia (impaired ability to produce sound)

seen in peritonsillar abscess/quincy

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15
Q

plasmodium

A

malaria

falciparum = most common and most lethal

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16
Q

schistocytes

A

hemolytic anemia (intravascular hemolysis)

fragmented parts of RBCs

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17
Q

hypersegmented neutrophils

A

megaloblastic anemia (form of macrocytic anemia)

due to B12, B9 def, or methotrexate

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18
Q

Plummer-Vinson syndrome

A

iron deficiency anemia

dysphagia (esophageal webs) and glossitis

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19
Q

Heinz bodies, bite cells

A

G6PD deficiency (also thalassemias)

Heinz bodies are seen in active hemolytic anemia - damage to RBCs causing intravascular hemolysis

bite cells are RBCs with Heinz bodies that have been phagocytosed by splenic macrophages

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20
Q

fava beans

A

G6PD deficiency

remove in those with G6PD def, as it is an oxidative stressor

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21
Q

HLA A3, HFE gene

A

hemochromatosis

short arm of chromosome 6

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22
Q

bronze diabetes

A

hemochromatosis

due to the destruction of B-islet cells, iron deposits in the skin increasing melanin production/hyperpigmentation

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23
Q

Jak 2 gene mutation

A

polycythemia vera

short arm of chromosome 9

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24
Q

5 Hs of hemophilia

A

hemarthroses, hematomas, hematochezia, hematuria, head hemorrhage

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25
PT (INR) vs PTT
play tennis outside play table tennis inside (hemophilia) A normal PT and PTT, with increased bleeding time due to decreased platelets, is indicative of ITP. TTP is associated with a decreased RBC count. Von Willebrand's disease causes an increased PTT. DIC causes an increase in PT and PTT in addition to increased bleeding time and decreased platelets. Polycythemia vera has an increased platelet count causing hyperviscosity.
26
tetrad of Henoch-Schonlein Purpura
palpable purpura, abd pain, arthritis, renal disease (IgA nephropathy, etc) - self-limiting and resolves in FOUR weeks - affects 4-10 year olds (compared to ITP which affects 2-6 yo)
27
vitamin K def
2, 7, 9, 10, protein C/S normal PTT, PT/INR elevated
28
ages of leukemias
``` CML = any age, median 65 yo AML = All My Life, any age, 15-59 usu ALL = All Little Leaguers, children CLL = Cranky Late Lifers, > 60 ```
29
Philadelphia chromosome, translocation b/w chromosomes 9 and 22
CML | CMon Lets go to Philadelphia!
30
Auer rods
AML - pathognomonic splinter shaped or rod shaped structures in the cytosol of myeloblasts
31
virgin B cells
CLL B cells that cannot differentiate into plasma cells
32
smudge cells
CLL fragile leukemic cells
33
Reed-Sternberg cells
Hodgkin Lymphoma neoplastic cells that arise from germinal center B cells > has two mirror image nuclei "owl eyes"
34
mediastinal mass
Hodgkin Lymphoma
35
LAD of noncontiguous spread along multiple lymph nodes
Non Hodgkin Lymphoma
36
MM sxs/signs
CRAB: increased calcium, renal failure, anemia, bony lesions, Bence Jones proteins
37
punched out lytic lesions
multiple myeloma lytic lesions or osteoporosis (also seen in other cancers that affect the bones - neuroblastoma, etc)
38
Rouleaux formation
multiple myeloma RBCs are stacked like poker chips in the blood smear
39
M-spike
multiple myeloma
40
tophi
Gout monosodium urate crystal deposits in tissues microtophi = deposits in synovium
41
podagra
acute gouty arthritis in the first metatarsophalangeal joint
42
bull's eye skin lesion
Lyme Disease seen in Stage 1 (7-14 days post-bite), a red expanding non-pruritic lesion with concentric circles
43
bilateral bell's palsy
Lyme Disease (also consider GBS, cancer, etc)
44
Dowager's hump
kyphosis
45
absence of dystrophin
muscular dystrophy
46
waddling gait
muscular dystrophy (or hip dislocation from birth)
47
popcorn calcification on XR
chondroma
48
nidus
osteoma/osteoid osteoma radiolucent area of about 1 cm in diameter with a calcified center - seen on XR
49
onion-like skinning, moth-eaten appearance
ewings sarcoma - seen on XR of the periosteal bone
50
steeple sign
croup
51
thumbprint sign
epiglottitis
52
apple core sign
colon cancer
53
bird beak sign
volvulus
54
beriberi
B1 deficiency
55
Wernicke - Korsakoff
B1 deficiency due to alcoholism
56
burning foot syndrome
B5 deficiency
57
blueberry muffin skin nodules
neuroblastoma
58
point mutation that inactivates RB suppressor gene of ch 13
retinoblastoma
59
cat's eye reflex
retinoblastoma
60
negri bodies
rabies present in the hippocampus and cerebellum in encephalitis
61
slapped cheek rash and exanthema > erythematous maculopapular rash the extends to the trunks and proximal extremities
fifth disease or erythema infectiosum (human parvovirus B19) fades over 2-4 days > appears 1-4 days after slapped cheek disappears Erythema infectiosum (5th disease) appears as a blotchy pink rash on the cheeks, occurring in 5--7-year-old children mostly; this rash will also resolve spontaneously.
62
hand-foot-mouth
coxsackie
63
HHV 6
roseola infantum
64
begins with a fever and 3 days of general malaise, then the fever rapidly resolves, and a light pink lacy, nonpruritic rash appears on the neck and trunk > face and extremities
roseola infantum Roseola infantum . (The mnemonic I use to remember the disappearing rash of roseola in 'phantom' is that the fever disappears "like a ghost." The 'infantum' part of the name is also practically helpful for remembering that this condition affects infants, whereas many other childhood exanthems affect children over the age of 2.) This rash may extend to include the arms and legs as well. This rash is common in infants 9--12 months of age. Febrile seizures may occur in some children with a high fever. Notably, it is rare to see URI or GI symptoms in the beginning of the roseola infantum presentation, and this may help to distinguish it from a more common viral infection. Of course, the rash is the most distinctive part of the presentation, and this will appear after the fever drops.
65
forchheimer's spots
rubella/german measles/3-day measles red spots that develop on posterior soft/hard palate
66
pruritic pink, discrete maculopapular rash that starts on hairline of face and rapidly spreads to neck, trunk, and rest of body
rubella/german measles/3-day measles **this is also a TORCH infection)
67
morbilliform rash
rubeola (measles) rubella, group A strep
68
rash that starts at the hairline, spreads down to face/neck/trunk, then desquamates
morbilliform rash rubeola (measles) does not involve palms or soles
69
4 Cs of rubeola/measles
prodrome has a cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis, and Koplik spots
70
Koplik spots
rubeola (measles) grey/white papules on buccal mucosa
71
strawberry tongue
scarlet fever white exudate on tongue studded with prominent red papillae > when white exudate disappears tongue looks beefy red
72
sandpaper rash, nonpruritic, nonpainful erythematous rash on face and neck first, then spreads
scarlet fever
73
Centor criteria
strep pharyngitis, 1 point per + ``` no cough 3-14 y/o tender anterior LAD erythematous tonsils fever > 100.4 ``` 0-1 = less likely 2-3 = culture and treat if + 4: antibiotics
74
significant pruritic rash progressing from macules > vesicles > pustules > burst and crust. involves trunk, face, scalp, conjunctivae, oral mucosa, palms, and soles
varicella zoster chicken pox **do not prescribe ASA)
75
stridor, subglottic swelling, seal bark cough
Croup
76
steeple sign or pencil point sign
croup subglottic narrowing
77
salty tasting skin
cystic fibrosis
78
tripod posture in kids
acute epiglottitis
79
thumb sign on lateral neck radiograph
acute epiglottitis: cherry shaped epiglottic swelling
80
machinery murmur
PDA
81
no meconium in first 48 hours of life
Hirschsprungs | normal: 95% should pass in first 24, rest of 5% before 48 hours
82
blast sign
Hirschsprungs: explosive passage of stool upon withdrawal of finger
83
sausage shaped mass in RLQ
intussusception, also called Dance sign
84
red currant jelly stools, palpable mass, and abd pain
tried of intussusception
85
bilious green vomit and no passage of meconium
meconium ileus
86
nonbilious projectile vomiting
pyloric stenosis | *hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
87
olive shaped mass
pyloric stenosis: firm, nontender, and mobile hard pylorus at the RUQ
88
salmon colored maculopapular rash
sx of juvenile RA
89
club shaped bacilli
corynebacterium diphtheriae - seen on gram stain
90
chromosome 14 missense mmutation (AD)
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
91
splinter hemorrhages in nail beds
endocarditis - linear reddish brown lesions within the nail bed
92
janeway's lesion
endocarditis - painless 5 mm pustular, hemorrhagic lesions on palms or soles
93
roth's spots
endocarditis - irregular red area of retinal hemorrhage with a pale center
94
osler's nodes
endocarditis - painful nodules on the pads of fingers or toes
95
coffin lid or triple phosphate
kidney stones Urinalysis revealed the absence of nitrites and leukocytes making it less likely that we will observe WBC casts as they are typically associated with infectious or inflammatory diseases of the kidney. Epithelial cells are usually due to acute tubule cell injuries and causative factors are inconsistent with his clinical presentation. Fatty casts are associated with nephrotic syndrome while hexagonal crystals are composed of cystine and have an incidence of only about 2 percent due to an autosomal recessive disorder causing cystinuria. Trace amounts of non-hemolyzed blood and "coffin lid" or "triple phosphate" crystals are reflective of kidney stones.
96
spaghetti and meatballs
tinea versicolor looks like this on KOH - long curved strands of hyphae and budding yeast cells
97
"Dewdrops on rose petals"
varicella zoster (chicken pox)
98
"Chandelier sign"
extreme tenderness on palpation or movement of the cervix, and indicates pelvic inflammatory disease.
99
"Orange peel sign," also called "peau d'orange"
dimpling of the skin over inflammatory or cancerous breast tissue
100
WBC casts
The pathognomonic sign for pyelonephritis is white blood cell casts in the urine. In a lower UTI, you'll see WBC without casts, and presence of casts suggests kidney involvement.
101
RBC casts
Red blood cell casts are found in glomerulonephritis.
102
Waxy casts
waxy casts are found in patients with chronic renal failure.
103
Fatty Casts
Fatty casts are seen in nephrotic syndrome

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