dormo 28/11

Question 1

first industrial revolution

Answer 1

coal use and steam engine, developing of locomotive, 700 - 800, ends when factories are established; it involved England, France and a bit of Germany

Question 2

Second Industrial Revolution

Answer 2

● the second one involves the whole of Europe and the States, it started around 1870 and ended circa 1900
● this revolution was characterised by a very quick scientific and technological
development, this had many consequences bot social and economic

Question 3

economical consequences

Answer 3

progress happened thanks to the development in chemistry and physics

Question 4

1. new materials

Answer 4

□ like steel: and this facilitated the constructions of machinery, railways, weapons and infrastructures
□ dynamite: invented by Alfred Nobel in 1875
□ tyres
□ textile fibres: so clothing wasn’t only made of cotton

Question 5

2. food industry

Answer 5

changes, there are new ways to transport and preserve food and this leads to more varied diet

Question 6

3. trasports

Answer 6

the biggest change in transports is the rise of the internal combustion engine, the development of this leads then top the development of both the car manufacturing and the oil industry

Question 7

4. electric discoveries

Answer 7

power stations, battery (Volta), light bulb (Edison), telephone (Meucci) and the kinematograph (Lumière brothers)

Question 8

5. medicine

Answer 8

better hygiene practices, progress in the pharmaceutical field, new sanitary engineering (creation of general hospitals)

Question 9

demography

Answer 9

these points lead to a demographic growth, the average life span goes from 30 year to 50 years
● in Europe before this revolution there were around 190 million people which became 425 million after the revolution

Question 10

liberalism

Answer 10

because of this economic growth the prices lower and this, along with other reasons, leads to the abandonment of liberalism (stato astensionista)

Question 11

the Great Depression

Answer 11

between 1873 and 1896 the Great Depression occurred and it was heavily linked with problems coming from both the agricultural and industrial sector

Question 12

local business

Answer 12

foreign goods that were larger in quantity and cheaper in price took over the market as the consumer was keen on buying them but this brought to the collapse of the local businesses

Question 13

overproduction

Answer 13

on an industrial level there was an overproduction of goods and this caused unsold goods, bankruptcy and less work places

Question 14

protectionism

Answer 14

this meant that the workers were poorer and that they couldn’t afford to buy as much as they used to and this caused riots and a political intervention took place as the protectionism tried to save the internal market

Question 15

monopoly

Answer 15

this process of failing industries only occurred to the small ones as the big ones became more powerful and took the small ones in
● this resulted in a concentration of the industries as the major industries had control over the products (the survival of the fittest, Darwin)

Question 16

trusts

Answer 16

fusions of industries that can be horizontal and vertical

Question 17

rise of urbanisation process

Answer 17

1. industries develop in the same geographic aerea
2. people move there
3. = city settles
   ● people have guarantees and salaries -> money to spend -> the demand rises -> production increases

Question 18

market

Answer 18

● so we have a widening of the market, the industry and the demand
● so the industries need to maximise production,
● new techniques rise

Question 19

Ford

Answer 19

the assembly line in 1913 (each worker has only one job)

Question 20

taylorism

Answer 20

en economical theory introduced in 1911 by Taylor called Taylorism, which studies standard production times in order to give production fixed schemes, rhythms and rules

Question 21

work force

Answer 21

the industry only need work force bit more and more -> rise of new social classes -> the working class and a new type of middle class are born

Question 22

middle class composition

Answer 22

independent workers (liberi professionisti), public workers and those who worked in the private sector

Question 23

working class composition

Answer 23

○ specialised workers
○ more general workforce
these two parts of working class are very close and they unite to get benefits

Question 24

trade unions

Answer 24

so they create trade unions with whom they organise strikes, they become an
important part of society
○ CGL is an example of trade union established in 1906
the working class becomes bigger and bigger and so acquires more and more influence

Question 25

elements leading to political relevance of the working class

Answer 25

education, universal suffrages and new parties

Question 26

education

Answer 26

now the illiteracy index has lowered to 10% in towns and 50% in the countryside (in the whole of Europe), people can now read newspapers and therefore they are more informed about the problems of their countries, this two elements lead to more participation in political life

Question 27

universal suffrages

Answer 27

these are the years in which the European Sates get to the male universal suffrage (so men are more inclined to take part in the political life, Italian universal male suffrage: 1912)

Question 28

new parties

Answer 28

there are new parties that represent the new part of the population that still could not vote -> the Socialists parties, they want guarantees, good working conditions and salaries, but especially the outdo of the capitalistic system, the abolition of the private property and the collective management of the political life

Question 29

socialism

Answer 29

● internationalism means cooperation and collaboration between all the States ● pacifism ● they are international

Question 30

socialism international associations

Answer 30

○ socialist international established in 1864 ○ second international, born 1899, more important because thanks to it the 8-hour working day is introduced and also the day dedicated to the workers May 1st

Question 31

the role of the Catholic Church

Answer 31

● it supports the workers thank to a network of parishes and associations

Question 32

Rerum Novarum

Answer 32

in 1891 the Pope Leone XIII he publishes an encyclical (saggio) called Rerum Novarum, he condemns socialism and states peace between social classes, he asks entrepreneurs to remember to give their workers good conditions, dignity and humanity; he also encourages the creation of Catholic working association

Question 33

Catholic vs socialism

Answer 33

the Catholic and the socialists have different views but similar values, so the real enemy is nationalism

Question 34

nationalism

Answer 34

a country’s superiority on the others, it was lenient on the racial theories circulating wide at the time although they were not scientific ● nationalism then creates antisemitism

Question 35

the Protocol of the Elders of Zion

Answer 35

was a false document that affirmed the existence of a council made up of jewish people that wanted to rule the world, created by antisemic people ● this lead to aversion towards jewish people

Question 36

imperialism

Answer 36

had a national goal which was divided into three other goals commercial penetration, economical exploitation and political subjugation

Question 37

1. commercial penetration

Answer 37

they needed a bigger market so they could make more money

Question 38

2. economical exploitation

Answer 38

they longed for more workforce

Question 39

3. political subjugation

Answer 39

they also wanted political control over these places (impose duties and taxes etc...)

Question 40

imperialism causes

Answer 40

economic, political and ideological reasons

Question 41

political reasons

Answer 41

seek for approval and support of the public opinion, Africa is also, politically wise, a mirror to the situation in Europe

Question 42

ex political reason

Answer 42

France didn’t manage to keep Alsace and Lorraine and so goes to Africa and takes control of territories that Germany was interested in about ⇾ demonstrates force in other territories

Question 43

economic reasons

Answer 43

raw materials, lands and cheap workforce

Question 44

ideological reasons

Answer 44

□ white European men believed in their own race’s superiority and wanted to help each other this is called “the white man’s burden”, which consists of imposing their own culture and civilisation on the savages □ the romantic idea of exoticism which spread among the population by reading novels as the ones written by Byron or D’Annunzio

Question 45

Africa

Answer 45

in the beginning of the XX century, the nine tenth of Africa belonged to Europe

Question 46

France Africa

Answer 46

the majority of the land is french (ex. Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia and the West of Africa)

Question 47

Britain Africa

Answer 47

the second European power is Britain that owns Uganda, South Africa, Egypt Kenya, Nigeria

Question 48

Spain Africa

Answer 48

Spain has a part of Morocco called Rio de Oro and the part close to Gibilterra, Congo

Question 49

Portugal Africa

Answer 49

the Portuguese had Gambia, Angola and Mozambique

Question 50

Belgium Africa

Answer 50

there is also a Belgian part of Congo

Question 51

Germany Africa

Answer 51

Germany owned Cameroon and Togo and two other zones that belonged to the German empire

Question 52

Italy Africa

Answer 52

Italy as a new born power tries to conquer some land like Somalia, Eritrea and Libia ○ Mussolini wanted these territories for the support of the population

Question 53

South Africa

Answer 53

was a British colony but it was originally colonised by the Netherlands

Question 54

Boers

Answer 54

○ Boers were the population that lived in South Africa before Britain came ○ Boers were direct descendants of the people that came from the Netherlands

Question 55

two free territories

Answer 55

before Britain came □ Orange: it was rich because of gold □ Transvaal: it was rich because of diamonds ○ Britain stared pressuring in 1889, so in 1910 Transvaal was made part of the British empire and in 1914 Orange too

Question 56

Asia

Answer 56

Great Britain owned India ● at first India was colonised, the East Indian company directed India

Question 57

Indian economic

Answer 57

before the XX century Britain had only an economic interest and for 200 years they were just interested economically ● but at the start of the 1900s England starts wanting political control

Question 58

Queen Victoria

Answer 58

● India becomes part of the British empire in 1858 ● the Queen Victoria is crowned Empress of India and so the political control is officially stated in 1876 ● Forster will talk about this in a passage in India

Question 59

France and Cambodia

Answer 59

France occupied Cambodia first economically and then politically

Question 60

french interest

Answer 60

the french interest in Cambodia was only geographical and economic and they established some ports and markets in order to have trades to the Asian continent

Question 61

french commercial penetration

Answer 61

the idea of commercial penetration from France started having a political weigh in Asia as they occupied Cambodia and they were made protectorates

Question 62

Russia

Answer 62

Russia, which is nowadays the biggest state, is that way now because it extended all the way to Siberia