Dr. Houston (Hem/onc)-Exam 1

Question 1

What is the blood composition? (with percentages)

Answer 1

Question 2

Where is fetal and adult Hb created?

Answer 2

Question 3

What are all the cells in formed elements of blood?

Answer 3

Question 4

Hematopoietic stem cells reside predominately where? How is the stem cells pushed down a lineage?

Answer 4

Hematopoietic stem cells reside predominately in the red bone marrow (axial, humerus, hip, epipitis bone) and can be further differentiated into various lineages by a group of cytokines that are collectively called colony- stimulating factors.

Question 5

• Platelets come from what?
• Monocytes turn into what?

Answer 5

• Platelets are fragments of megakaryocytes
• Turns into a macrophage when in tissue

Question 6

Fill in the growth factors

Answer 6

Question 7

RBC:
What binds reversibly and irreversibly?

Answer 7

• O2 binds reversibly to iron atoms in heme (oxyhemoglobin).
• CO2 binds reversibly to globin (carbaminohemoglobin).
• CO binds almost irreversibly

Question 8

Where do each one bind to:
* Co2:
* O2:

Answer 8

• Co2: globin part
• O2: heme part

Question 9

Where can mutations be in RBCs? What does it lead to?

Answer 9

Mutations can occur anywhere in the five gene loci resulting in the production of abnormal Hgb molecules leading to hemoglobinopathies:
* sickle cell anemia
* thalassemias

Question 10

What is the pathway if a person is hypoxemia?

Answer 10

Question 11

What is the lineage of forming RBC?

Answer 11

Question 12

What are the precursors of RBCs?

Answer 12

• Amino acids
• Iron
• Folic acid
• Vit B12: absorbed by intrinsic factor and if low->pernicious anemia

Question 13

How is red blood cells broken down?

Answer 13

Question 14

What are the three RBC diseases d/t change in size?

Answer 14

Question 15

What are the three RBC diseases d/t change in shape?

Answer 15

Question 16

What are the three RBC diseases d/t change in color?

Answer 16

Question 17

What are the three RBC diseases d/t being immuture cells?

Answer 17

Question 18

What are the four RBC diseases d/t other issues?

Answer 18

Question 19

What are the steps after blood vessel trauma?

Answer 19

Question 20

What is the precursor cell of RBC?

Answer 20

Recticular cell

Question 21

Where cells are common myeloid progenitor cells and which ones are common lymphoid progenitor?

Answer 21

Question 22

• What is the avg lifespan of platelets?
• What happens to many of them?
• What pushes cells to make platelets?

Answer 22

• Platelets have an average lifespan of 7-10 days, but many of them are immediately consumed as they participate in day-to-day hemostasis
• IL-3, IL-6, IL-11, thrombopoietin

Question 23

• Several factors stimulate megakaryocytes to release platelets within the bone marrow sinusoids. This includes the what? What does this cause?
• What is the importance of platelets?

Answer 23

• Several factors stimulate megakaryocytes to release platelets within the bone marrow sinusoids. This includes the hormone thrombopoietin, which is mainly generated by the liver and the kidneys and released in response to low numbers of circulating platelets.
• Platelets have no nucleus but possess important proteins, nucleotide, and other factors, which are stored in intracellular granules and secreted when platelets are activated during platelet aggregation in response to vascular injury.

Question 24

What are the steps of blood clot?

Answer 24

Question 25

Hemostasis-Vascular spasm * What happens? What does it protect against? * What are causes?

Answer 25

Question 26

What are the effects of hemostasis-vascular spasm?

Answer 26

Question 27

Platelet plug formation * Intact vessels have what? * Broken vessel exposes what? * What sticks to damaged vessles? What happens next?

Answer 27

* Intact vessels have a smooth endothelium coated with prostagcylin (platelet repellant * Broken vessel exposes **collagen** * Platelet pseduopods stick to damaged vessel and other platelets * Pseduopods contract-draw together a platelet plug

Question 28

Platelets degranulate releasing a variety of substances * What are they and what do they do?

Answer 28

Question 29

Platelet plug formation is what type of cycle?

Answer 29

Positive feedback cycle is active until break in small vessel is sealed

Question 30

Coagulation * What step is this? * Conversion of plasma protein fibrinogen into what? * Procoagulants (clotting factors)—usually produced where? Where are they present? * What happens when you activate on factor?

Answer 30

Question 31

What is the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway?

Answer 31

Extrinsic pathway * Factors released by damaged tissues begin cascade Intrinsic pathway * Factors found in blood begin cascade (platelet degranulation)

Question 32

What are the pathways of coagulation?

Answer 32

Question 33

Answer 33

Question 34

What are the three phases of coagulation?

Answer 34

Question 35

The Fate of Blood Clots * Clot retraction occurs when? * What is secreted? What happens?

Answer 35

Question 36

The Fate of Blood Clots * What does fibrinolysis do? (2)

Answer 36