Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

101 Bio > Dr Thomas’s Lectures > Flashcards

Dr Thomas’s Lectures Flashcards

(84 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the 4 main types of tissues?

A

Connective - binds cells and organs
Epithelial - covers exterior and lines internal cavities
Muscle - excitable, consists of skeletal, smooth and cardiac
Neural - excitable, allows propagation of nerve impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three cell junctions?

A

Gap junctions - allow communication between cells
Tight junctions - hold cells together, no communication
Desmosomes - anchoring point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

If the response of the affector reduces the intensity of the stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a positive feedback loop?

A

When the increased stimulus makes the secretory agent secrete even more (birth example)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which cells can change their membrane potential?

A

Excitable cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of an excitable cell?

A

-70mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe depolarisation

A

An impulse arrives and has passed the threshold, this then triggers Na+ channels to open which allows them to flood into the cell. K+ gates open and potassium then floods out of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe what happens in repolarisation

A

The Na+ and K+ channel gates close and the Na+ and k+ are pumped back into their respective resting states by active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What cell is responsible for myelinating cells

A

Oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the cells which are acting as myelin sheath

A

Schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe what happens as AP reaches the end of a neurone

A

The membrane depolarisation activates calcium ion channel to open allowing them to flood in. This influx causes vesicles to move to the presynaptic membrane and release their contents to the synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

Protection
Sensation
Vitamin D production
Temperature regulation
Excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the three MAIN layers of the skin

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the sub layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary layer - which contain blood vessels and the dermal papillae which holds the dermis and epidermis together
Reticular layer - which are more dense and elastic thanks to collagen and elastic fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the term used for wound healing?

A

Fibroblast proliferate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis

A

Stratum -
Corneum
Lucidum
Granulosum
Spinosum
Basale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the cells in the epidermis called?

A

Keratinocytes (90%)
Melanocytes (5%) - pigment anti UV producing
Langerhans- immune cells
Merkel - sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the chemical which hardens keratinocytes?

A

Keratin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the eccrine sweat glands do?

A

Open directly through pres, they eliminate waste and cool body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of the apocrine sweat gland?

A

They open into hair follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of the sebaceous glands?

A

Secrete sebum, which is the policy lubricant for hair and skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is Vitamin D produces?

A

UV converts a form of cholesterol to D3, which is Vit D’s precursor. Blood takes D3 to the liver and kidneys where it is converted to Vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the somatic nervous system control

A

The movement of skeletal muscles. IT IS MADE UP OF THE BRAIN, SPINE AND NERVES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the process of the neural muscular junction

A

Synaptic vesicles transfer acetylcholine to bind to a motor end plate (ionotropic membrane). This releases sodium into the muscle continuing the action potential.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Describe cross bridge cycling
Calcium is released into the carcomere which binds to troponin. This displaces troponin which moves tropomyosin, revealing the myosin binding sites. The power stroke begins with ATP being hydrolysed, releasing a phosphate group and causing myosin to bind to these newly exposed sites and slide forward. ADP is released and the process stops until ATP is replaced on the myosin which separates the myosin from actin
26
What does the autonomic nervous system do?
Maintains the internal environment. Keeps homeostasis by controlling circulation, digestion and excretion.
27
What do visceral sensory neurones do?
Monitor temperature, pain, irritation, chemical changed and stretch in the visceral organs
28
What are the two divisions of the autonomic system?
Sympathetic (short) and Parasympathetic (long)
29
What does the spleen do?
Filters blood, destroys old RBC
30
What are the two lobules on the thymus
Cortex and medulla
31
What do the cortex and medulla lobules do?
The cortex contains many lymphocytes The medulla is where the T cells migrate to before entering the blood
32
What do Basophils and mast Cells do
Release mediators to contribute to inflammation (histamines and other cytokines) Basophils in circulation, mast cells in tissue
33
What do eoisnophils do?
Cytotoxic - they release substances from their granules and directly damage or kill PARASITES
34
What do neutrophils do?
They kill/ingest bacteria
35
What are the substances reabsorbed and filtered by the kidney
Water NaCl Glucose - unless glucose is <200mg/100ml in blood H+ Urea - 2/3 out, 1/3 reabsorbed Toxic substances
36
Interlobular artery -> afferent arteriole -> Glomerulus -> efferent arteriole -> peritubular capillaries
Route of blood in the nephron
37
Bowman’s capsule -> Proximal CT -> Loop of Henle -> Distil CT -> Collecting ducts
38
What is the point where the afferent artery joins with the glomerulus?
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
39
How does water move in the body?
Through salt movement concentration gradients and hydrostatic forces
40
Peritubular capillaries which surround the nephron reabsorb contents inside to take back into the body
41
Excretion =
(Filtered+secreted)-reabsorbed
42
What are the three layers of filtration membrane
Endothelial cells, basement layer, podocyte
43
What components can’t go through the bowman’s capsule
Proteins - due to basement membrane being negatively charged Cells Anything bigger than 7nm can’t go through
44
What is Hematuria?
Blood in urine
45
Countercurrent multiplier further reabsorbs NaCl and H2O
46
What is the structure of of the nephron
Glomerulus, bowman’s capsule, Proximal CT, Loop of Henle, Distil CT, Collecting Duct
47
Reabsorption of NA
Lumen high concentration gradient to tubule cell, so moves passively (facilitated diffusion), then from the tubule cell Na is actively transported to the interstitial fluid, where it then again follows a gradient into the peritubular capillary
48
What does ANP do? (Atrial natriuretic peptide)
Increased of excretion of Na+, less reabsorbed in kidney (released from right atrium when blood volume increases)
49
Somatic system is…
Voluntary, you have control over it
50
Bladder is hollow and is surrounded by smooth muscle
51
The detrusor muscle is responsible for…
Contracting which pushes the urine out of it in coordination with the bladder neck opening
52
What causes the voiding phase of the bladder?
When the bladder has reached it’s max stretching a signal is sent to the brain. Voluntary signals relax the external sphincter and the detrusor muscle contracts
53
What are the male reproductive organs?
Testes and penis
54
What are the other components of the male reproductive system?
Ducts - epididymis, ductus deferens, urethra Glands - seminal vesicles, prostate
55
The testis contains:
Seminiferous tubules - produces sperm Rente testis Epididymis - maturation of sperm Ductus deferens Ledig cells - produces testosterone
56
What are the gonads?
The ovaries or testes
57
Describe spermatogenesis
Spermatagonia -> mitosis -> spermatocytes -> meiosis -> spermatids -> differentiation -> spermatozoa
58
The cells from seminiferous tubules move from there, through the rete testis and are stored in the epididymis
59
The Endometrium membranes are
Stratum compactum Stratum spongiosum Stratum basale - thing that is released during menstruation
60
Where does fertilisation occur?
Ampulla
61
What are the three main hormones in reproduction
Oestrogens Androgens Progestogens
62
Where is progesterone generated?
Corpus luteum, if fertilisation is successful then placenta also does
63
Where is testosterone generated?
Testes (leydig cells), ovaries, placenta, adrenals
64
Where is
65
During inspiration the thoracic volume increases, so the pressure decreases, which means it is lower than the pressure outside so air is sucked in
During expiration the thoracic volume decreased, so the pressure increases, which means the pressure inside is lower than atmospheric pressure so air moves out
66
Respiration of signals from respiratory centre in medulla oblongata cause the contraction of the intercostal muscles moving the diaphragm down which increases thoracic cavity
67
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Volumes - amount of air movement during different portions of ventilation Capacities - sums of two or more respiratory volumes
68
What is tidal volumes
The amount of gas which is expired/inspired in one breathing cycle
69
What is the inspirators and expiratory reserve volume?
The amount of air which can be breathed in forcefully beyond tidal volume The amount of air which can be forced out past tidal volume
70
Capacity is two or more volumes together
71
Total lung capacity is the vital capacity + residual volume
72
Peak expiration flow measures…
How quickly you can blow air out of your lungs Measure in L/min
73
Ventilation is the ability to get air to the alveoli Perfusion is the ability to ensure blood gets to the alveoli
74
Gas exchange is dependent on…
Thickness of membrane Surface area of membrane The partial pressure of the gases that go through the membrane
75
Blood in tissue has a lower partial pressure for O2 and a higher one for CO2, why is that?
The blood is deoxygenated as it has been used, this allows for o2 to diffuse into the blood from the lungs as there is a concentration gradient. O2 in greater supply in lungs than in deoxygenated blood
76
Chemical control of breathing is due to…
CO2 levels in blood
77
Increase in H+ ions increases ventilation
78
Parasympathetic releases what neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine
79
Sympathetic system releases what neurotransmitter?
Noradrenaline to adrenergic receptors
80
Inspiration is a… active or passive process?
Active, muscle contracts
81
Expiration is… active or passive?
Passive, muscle relaxation
82
Static measurements measure how much air can be inhaled/inhaled can be used to find out if you have a…
Restrictive airway diseases
83
Dynamic measurements measure air flow which can help you identify a…
Obstructive airway disease
84
What are symptoms of asthma?
Shortness/ variable breathlessness Chest tightness or pain Wheezing

101 Bio (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions