Professor Mohankumar’s Lectures Flashcards by Tom Oakes

What is blood made up of?

Plasma
Buffy coat
Erythrocytes

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What is plasma made up of?

90% water
10% soluble components e.g
-Plasma proteins
-Nutrients - glucose, cholesterol
-Gases - CO2, O2
-Electrolytes

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What is the process of forming blood cells

Haematopoiesis

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Where does haematopoiesis occur?

In red bone marrow

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What does the buffy coat contain?

White blood cells
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes

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What is the term for deficiency?

Penia

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What is the term for excess?

Philia

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How is erythropoiesis regulated

Negative feedback loop:
The kidney senses low O2 in renal artery triggering the release of erythropoietin (EPO) which stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocytes. Erythrocytes increase O2 resulting in the decrease of EPO

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What are the symptoms of dwarfism

Anxiety, depression, poor muscle tone, impaired hair growth, increase adipose tissue, decreased lean body mass

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What are the symptoms of Gigantism/acromegaly

Enlarged hands/feet, headaches, blurred vision, glucose intolerance (diabetes), hypertension, coarsening of face

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What are the symptoms of Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism)

Weight loss, sweating, heat intolerance, goitre, nervousness

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What are the symptoms of Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome)

Hyper secretion of aldosterone, low blood potassium levels, high blood sodium levels

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What are the symptoms of excess cortisol (cushing’s syndrome)

Buffalo hump, obesity, high blood pressure/sugar, cognitive difficulties, stretch marks

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What is grave’s disease?

Hyperthyroidism - over production of thyroid hormones

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What is conn’s syndrome?

Hyperaldosteronism - too much aldosterone

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What is Cushing’s syndrome?

Hypersecretion of cortisol

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What are the symptoms of low ADH

Diabetes insipidus - polyuria and polydipsia, inadequate release of ADH

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What is Addison’s disease

Hyposecretion of cortisol

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What are the effects of Hyposecretion of cortisol (Addison’s)

Darkening of skin, hair loss, decreased appetite, weight loss

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A drug is something that…

Has a defined chemical structure

Prompts physiological response

Is specific

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Pharmacodynamics is…

What the drug does to the body

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Pharmacokinetics is…

What the body does to the drug

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What barriers do drugs experience

ADME:

Absorption in the GI tract

Distribution, may not get past blood brain barrier

Metabolism

Excretion

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What does adrenaline do to the heart

Study These Flashcards

Activates the sympathetic NS and increases heart rate as well as force of contraction (beta 1 receptor)

What does adrenaline do to the lungs?

Relaxes airway and dilates smooth muscles, higher gas exchange (beta 2)

The drug must act on the right target and the target gives the right site for it to bind and release the drugs effect

Drugs targeting enzymes can be inhibitors or substrates

What is the difference between competitive and non competitive enzymes?

Competitive directly compete for the space in the active site Non-competitive binds to another part of the enzyme and changes the shape of the actual active site

What do the transporters on synapses do?

They recycle the neurotransmitters by putting them back into the presynaptic cleft

What does cocaine do?

They block the transporters on the membrane which stops the neurotransmitters from being recycled back into the pre synaptic cleft which means more neurotransmitters bind to the receptors

What are the key types of receptors

Nuclear receptor Ligand gated ion channels Catalytic receptors G-protein coupled receptors

What is an agonist in pharmacology?

A drug which acts on the same binding site which prompts a similar response to a neurotransmitter

What is an antagonist in pharmacology?

A drug which acts on the same binding site, which stops more neurotransmitters and agonists from binding to the receptor which decreases the response

What is affinity in pharmacology?

How well the drug/ligand binds to it’s receptor

What is efficacy in pharmacology?

Once something is bound, it’s how well a drug/ligand activates the receptors, or how much of a conformational change there is

What must agonists have in a pharmacological sense, to be good drugs?

Good affinity and efficacy

What would make a good antagonist drug in a pharmacological way?

It only has good affinity, does not prompt a response from the receptor. Antagonist blocks the agonist response

Equilibrium dissociation constant is the empirical measurement of affinity measure

What dies kD defined as

The concentration of drug required to occupy 50% of receptors (measure of drug affinity)

Lower kD means the drug has…

A stronger affinity to receptors

10-3 milimolar 10-6 micromolar 10-9 nanomolar

Potency is…

The strength of the biological response

Efficacy is…

How well a drug can activate a receptors

Full agonists are…

Agonists which produce a 100% response in a receptor

Partial agonists are

Agonists which produce less than 100% response

Non competitive agonists can be either…

Allo - different Steric - Binding site

If the antagonist is reversible and competitive, by increasing the agonist the effect of the antagonist is minimised

A full agonist is when it gets a maximum response (Rmax/100%)

What is occupancy?

The binding of an agonist/antagonist to a receptor

Ligands are often

Peptides or proteins

A drug has to be unionised because…

It must be neutral to pass through a plasma membrane

The liver is the metabolic hub, but how does it help in association with the GI?

It acts as the area which separates bacteria, toxins, drugs and food as the GI just absorbs everything. The liver acts as the barrier. When it goes through the liver this is known as the first pass.

Oral drug route

Gut -> liver -> Kidney -> site of action

Drug metabolising enzymes in the liver include…

Cytochromes P450 Alcohol dehydrogenase Esterases The liver and the enzymes in it turn drug molecules to polar molecules so they can be excreted

If you increase the metabolic activity of an enzyme the drug will be metabolised quicker so the drug isn’t available for as long in the body

Drug metabolism is a two step process

Phase 1 - oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis (NADPH + O2 required) Phase 2 - Conjugation, adding polar groups (OH, NH2, COOH)

The higher the concentration of drug the higher the elimination

What are the layers of the GI tract?

Lumen - epithelial tissue Mucosa - thin layer epithelial tissue, secretes enzymes, mucus and hormones Submucosa - thick layer connective tissue, has blood cells, lymphatic vessels, nerves and glands which aid in peristalsis Circular muscle layer - blood vessels and nerves for innervation Longitudinal muscle layer - Peristalsis (involuntary) Serosa - thin connective tissue with blood + lymphatic vessels. Secretes serous fluid which grant lubricated sliding movement between surfaces

Professor Mohankumar’s Lectures Flashcards

(58 cards)