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pharma midterms 2ND SEM > DRUG ADM > Flashcards

DRUG ADM Flashcards

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1
Q

Liquids (Single phase –
clear – aqueous

Aromatic water

A

clear saturated aqueous solutions of volatile oils or other aromatic substance – used as a vehicle, flavors or performing agent

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2
Q

Liquids (Single phase –
clear – aqueous)‏

Aromatic water

eg

A

E.g. Peppermint water - flavored vehicle;
rose water -performing agent

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3
Q

Aqueous acids

A

the official inorganic acids and organic acids, although of minor significance as therapeutic agents - has great importance in chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturing

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4
Q

Aqueous acids
eg

A

Glacial Acetic Acid -caustic agent; Hydrochloric acid - acidifying agent

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5
Q

Liquids (Single phase –
clear – aqueous)‏

Solutions (oral)

A
  • liquid prep. that contain one or more soluble
    substances usually dissolve in water
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6
Q

Solutions (oral)
eg

A

ORS (Oresol) – an electrolyte replenisher

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7
Q

Liquids (Single phase –
clear – aqueous)‏

Syrups

A
  • concentrated solutions of sugar as sucrose in water or other aqueous liquid.
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8
Q

Syrups
eg

A

E.g. simple syrup –
used as a flavor (solution of sucrose in purified water)

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9
Q

Liquids (Single phase –
clear – aqueous)‏

Jellies

A

class of gels in which the structural coherent matrix contains a high proportion of liquid, usually water. With jelly-like consistency.

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10
Q

Jellies
eg

A

E.g. KY jelly- used as a lubricant

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11
Q

Liquids (Single phase –
clear – aqueous)‏

Mouthwash

A
  • aqueous in nature, pleasantly flavored solutions often colored and may either be acidic or basic in reaction
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12
Q

Mouthwash
eg

A

E.g. sterine, Bactidol

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13
Q

Liquids (Single phase –
clear – aqueous)‏

Gargles

A

aqueous solution,
frequently containing antiseptics, antibiotics or anesthetics, used for treating the pharynx and nasopharynx by forcing air from the lungs through the gargle which is held in the throat;

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14
Q

Gargles
eg

A

subsequently the gargle is expectorated E.g. Cepacaine solution; Povidone iodine (betadine)‏

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15
Q

Liquids (Single phase –
clear – aqueous)‏

Douches

A

an aqueous solution directed against a part into a cavity of the body – functions as a cleansing or antiseptic agent

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16
Q

Douches
eg

A

E.g. Vaginal douche – Lactic acid irrigation

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17
Q

Liquids (Single phase –
clear – aqueous)‏

Enemas

A

rectal injections to evacuate the bowel (as in evacuation enema) or influence the general system by absorption, or affect locally the site of disease (retention enema) or they may contain radiopaque substances for exam of the lower bowel.

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18
Q

Enemas
eg

A

E.g. Sulfasalazine rectal enema – for
ulcerative colitis;

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19
Q

enema – for x-ray

A

Barium sulfate
enema

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20
Q

Liquids (Single phase –
clear – aqueous)‏

Irrigation solutions

A

to wash or bathe surgical incisions, wounds or bodily tissues

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21
Q

Irrigation solutions
eg

A

E.g. NaCl 0.9% irrigation – for washing wounds

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21
Q

Liquids (Single phase –
clear – aqueous)‏

Eye (ophthalmic solutions)

A

sterile products essentially free from foreign particles, suitably compounded and packaged for installation into theeye

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22
Q

Eye (ophthalmic solutions)
eg

A

E.g. Tears Naturale II (Alcon)for relief of dry eyes

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23
Q

Liquids (Single phase –
clear – aqueous)‏

Otic (Aural solutions)

A

placed in the ear canal by drops or in small amounts for the removal of excessive cerumen (ear wax) or for
the treatment of ear infections, inflammation or pain

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24
Otic (Aural solutions) eg
E.g. Auralgan otic solutions - for acute otitis media
25
Liquids (Single phase – clear – aqueous)‏ Nose (Nasal solutions
usually aqueous solutions designed to be administered to nasal passages in drops or sprays
26
) Nose (Nasal solutions eg
Nasalcrom nasal solution – for seasonal or perennial rhinitis
27
Liquids (Single phase- Non-aqueous) Elixir
clear, pleasantly flavored, sweetened hydro alcoholic liquids intended for oral use
28
Elixir eg
Phenobarbital elixir - sedative and hypnotic
29
Liquids (Single phase- Non-aqueous) Spirits / Essences
alcoholic or hydro alcoholic solutions of volatile substances used internally for their medicinal value, a few by inhalation and a large number as flavoring agent
30
Spirits / Essences eg
E.g. Aromatic ammonia spirit- used as a respiratory stimulant
31
Liquids (Single phase- Non-aqueous) Dental liniments
liquid preparations which are applied to the gums for their local stimulant and anesthetic effects
32
Dental liniments Eg
.g. Delabarre - used during the teething period of babies – has a soothing effect
33
Glycerin solutions Glycerins or Glycerites
solutions or mixtures of medicinal substances in not less than 50% by weight of Glycerin (solvent)
34
Glycerins or Glycerites eg
Externol (contains 5% Carbamide Peroxide [Urea Hydrogen Peroxide]) – used in dispersing earwax
35
Collodions eg
E.g. Salicylic acid
36
Ethereal solutions Collodions
- liquid preparations containing pyroxylin in a mixture of ethyl ether and ethanol.They are applied to the skin by means of a soft brush or a suitable applicator – intended for “External use only” and should be applied to dry tissues
37
Collodion 10%
keratolytic – an agent used in the treatment of corns and warts it should not be applied to skin that is bruised or broken
38
Collodion 10% eg
E.g. Camphor liniment - a mild counterirritant for inflamed joints, sprains and rheumatism
39
Oleaginous preparations Liniments
- solutions or mixture of various substances in oil, alcoholic solutions of soap or emulsions and may contain anti-microbial preservatives, for “external use only
40
Toothache drops (Odontalgicum)-
preparations used for the temporary relief of toothache by application of a small pledget of cotton with the product into the tooth decay cavity. –used as a local anesthetic
41
Oleovitamins
fish liver oil diluted with edible vegetable oil or solutions of the indicated vitamins or vitamin concentrate (usually vitamin A & D) in fish liver oil usually in a form of soft gel capsules
42
Inhalants / Inhalations
- drugs or solutions suspensions of one or more drug substances administered by the nasal or oral respiratory route for either a local or systemic effect.
43
Inhalants / Inhalations eg
Ventolin inhalation aerosol - beta- adrenergic agonist
44
Liquids (Single phase) – extracts from plants Tinctures
alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable materials or from chemical substances.
45
Tinctures eg
E.g. tincture of iodine 2% - germicide and fungicide strong iodine 7% -antiseptic
46
Liquids (Single phase) – extracts from plants Extracts
concentrated preparations of vegetable or animal drugs obtained by the removal of the active constituents of the respective, evaporation of all solvents and adjustments of residual masses or powders to the prescribed standards.
47
3 Types of Extracts
Semi-liquid -used as concentrates in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals b) Solid extracts - used in ointments and suppositories c) Powdered extracts - used in formulation of capsule, tablet or powder
48
Liquids - (Two-phase) Suspensions ‏
- liquid preparations containing suspended insoluble particles in liquid. Has a “shake well” label.
49
Liquids - (Two-phase) Mixtures
- oral liquids, containing one or more active ingredients dis- solved, suspended or dispersed in a suitable vehicle -
50
Mixtures eg
E.g. Kaolin mixture with pectin - for the treatment of diarrhea in children
51
) Lotions eg
E.g Caladryl lotion - an antipruritic
51
Liquids - (Two-phase)\ ) Lotions
- suspensions “For external use only”, topical application to the skin
52
Liquids - (Two-phase) ) Magmas / Milk
-dispersions of insoluble inorganic molecules or suspensions of finely divided materials in small amount of water. They are never refrigerated because they stratify.
53
) Magmas / Milk eg
E.g. Milk of Magnesia - an antacid
54
Liquids - (Two-phase) Gels
- semi-solid on standing and liquefies when shaken.
55
Gels eg
E.g. Cremalin gel - an antacid
56
Emulsions
- a two phase system in which one liquid is dispersed through- out another liquid in the form of small droplets
57
. Semi-solids Ointments
- semi- solid preparations intended for external application to the skin or mucous membrane
57
Emulsions eg
E.g. Cod liver oil emulsion
58
Creams
- viscous liquids or semi-solid emulsions for externa
58
Ointments eg
E.g. Lidocaine ointment
59
Creams eg
use E.g. Nivea (cleansing cream) - for beautifying purposes
60
Powders
- mixture of finely divided drug or chemicals in dry powdered state for internal or external use
61
Powders eg
foot powders - an antiperspirant
61
Pastes
ointment–like preparation for external application; used to absorb serous secretions making it suited for application on and around moist lesions
61
Pastes eg
E.g. Zinc oxide paste - used as a mild astringent, protective and antiseptic in the treatment of skin disease
62
Capsules
- usually made of gelatin which are used to dispense powdered drug. Soft capsules are sealed together
63
) Pills
small, round solid dosage forms containing medicinal agent and are intended for oral administration
64
Lozenges
flat round or rectangular preparations which are held in mouth until they dissolve, liberating the drug involved
65
Tablets
preparations of powdered drugs which are compressed or molded into small disks. Maybe covered with a colored coating to make them attractive.
66
Suppositories
- solid dosage forms intended for insertion into body orifices where they melt, soften, or dissolve and exert localized or systemic effects
67
Plaster = eg
- substances intended for external application of such materials and of such consistency as to adhere to the skin E.g. Salonpas; Corn plaster
67
Dressings and eg
external applications resembling ointments usually used as a covering or protection E.g. Sofratulle
68
Cements = eg
- dental preparations employed primarily as protective coverings for exposed pulps E.g. Zinc-eugenol cement
69
Injections /Parenteral - eg
intended for injections under or through one or more layers of the skin or mucous membrane. E.g. D5LR 1000 ml (LVP)‏
70
) Inappropriate when GIT has reduced motility
oral route
71
) Cannot be used before certain diagnostic test or surgical procedure
oral route
72
Do not administer enteric coated with
antacids, milk or other alkaline substances
73
Suspensions are never administered
IV
74
If patient vomits within 20 to 30 min. of taking the drugs,
notify the MD
75
Suppositories tend to at room temperature
soften must be ref
76
Have client remain on side for ____ after insertion suppositirty
twenty minutes
77
Skin (Epicutaneous)‏ Disadvantage :
presence of hair in the skin and fats to underlying tissues can delay absorption of the drug
78
eye For irrigation, tilt the client towards the
affected side
79
For liquid eye medication, press firmly on the nasolacrimal duct for at least
30 seconds
80
Ear - (Aural / Otic) For irrigation, warm solution at body temperature 2) Place the client in a ___ position with the ear being treated the uppermost
sidelying
81
For children 0 – 3 year - pull the pinna
downward and backward
82
For older than 3 years old up to adults -
pull the pinna upward and backwards
83
Press gently but firmly a few times on the tragus of the ear to assist the flow of medications into the ear canal 6) Ask the client to remain in the sidelying position for about
5 minutes
84
Nasal - Nose drops sequence
Have the client blow or empty his nose prior to nasal instillation 2) Assume a backlying position 3) Elevate the nares slightly by elevating the thumb against the client’s tip of the nose 4) Keep the head tilted backward for 5 minutes after instillation of nasal drops
85
Vaginal irrigation seqienmce
Note : 1) Have the client empty her bladder before the procedure. 2) Position and drape the client ) Place the irrigating container higher than the client about 30 cm (12 in.) Ask the client to remain in bed for 5 to 10 minutes following the administration of vaginal suppository, cream, foam, jelly, or irrigation
86
Parenteral administration is not suitable for
insoluble substances
86
Vaginal irrigation For instillation For irrigation
➥ For instillation - place client in a back-lying position with the knees flexed and hips rotated laterally ➥ For irrigation - place in a backlying position with the hips higher than the shoulder; use bedpan
86
If the drug is a broncho- dilator, administer a maximum of
two puffs for at least 30 seconds interval
87
Subcutaneous
Outer aspect of the upper arm (the most common area used); anterior aspect of the thigh; abdomen; scapular areas of the upper back; upper ventrogluteal and dorsogluteal areas
88
Intradermal sitees
Sites : Inner lower arm, upper chest, back beneath the scapulae
89
Complications of IV infusion:
. Local complications: 1) Infiltration 2) Extravasation 3) Thrombophlebitis 4) Phlebitis 5) Nerve Damage b. Systemic complications: 1) Embolism 2) Circulatory overload 3) Drug overload 4) Infection
90
-unintentional administration of a nonvesicant solution or medication into the surrounding tissue
Infiltration IV cannula dislodge or perforates the wall of the vein.
91
Infiltration manmagement
Stop the infusion and remove the device. Elevate the limb to increase patient comfort; a warm compress may be applied. Check the patient's pulse and capillary refill time.
92
Infiltration Medications such as:
Calcium preparations(Calcium chloride, Calcium gluconate) 2. Vasopressors(Dopamine) 3. Potassium 4. Chemotherapeutic agents (Vancomycin, Vinblastin, Vincristine)
93
is the leaking of vesicant drugs into surrounding tissue. Extravasation can cause severe local tissue damage, possibly leading to delayed healing, infection, tissue necrosis, disfigurement, loss of function, and even amputation.
Extravasation
94
is inflammation of a vein
Phlebitis
95
Medications that can cause Phlebitis:
Phenytoin 2) Diazepam 3) Erythromycin 4) Tetracycline 5) Vancomycin 6) Amphotericin B 7) KCl
96
- presence of clot plus inflammation of the vein
Thrombophlebitis
97
– air enters the central venous system
Air Embolism
98
Priority nursing actions: Air Embolism
Clamp the cannula immediately Place Patient in Left Trendelenburg position Administer O2 NOTE: COMPLICATIONS: SHOCK and DEATH
99
circulatory overload and excess of fluid disrupts homeostasis caused by infusion at a rate greater than the patients system is able to accommodate
Fluid overload
100
Fluid overload CAUSES
Roller clamp loosened to allow run on infusion 2) Flow rate too rapid Miscalculation of fluid requirements
101
-is the successful transmission or encounter of host with potentially pathogenic organism
Infection
102
103

pharma midterms 2ND SEM (8 decks)

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