Drug dependence

Question 1

Define addiction

Answer 1

Chronic disease characterised by drug seeking/ usage that is compulsive, difficult to control and despite harmful consequences

Question 2

Define drug dependence

Answer 2

Adaptive state that develops after repeated use

Question 3

Define drug abuse

Answer 3

Pattern of drug abuse in which users consume drugs in a way that is directly/ indirectly harmful

Question 4

Define physical dependence

Answer 4

Dependence involving significant physical- somatic withdrawal symptoms

Question 5

Define physiological dependence

Answer 5

Dependence involving emotional motivation withdrawal symptoms

Question 6

Define drug tolerance

Answer 6

Diminishing an effect drug can have after repeated administration

Question 7

What receptor do opiates target

Answer 7

Mu and delta opiod receptor

Question 8

What does cocaine target

Answer 8

DA receptor
NAd receptor
5-HT uptake system

Question 9

What receptors does ethanol target

Answer 9

GABAa

NMDA

Question 10

What receptor does nicotine target

Answer 10

Nicotinic receptor

Question 11

What receptor does cannabis target

Answer 11

CB1

Question 12

What receptor does ket target

Answer 12

NMDA glutamate receptor

Question 13

What receptor do hallucinogens target

Answer 13

5-HT2a receptors

Question 14

2 aspects of genetic basis to addiction

Answer 14

Occupancy of dopamine receptor when stimulus induces pleasure
Dopaminergic projection from ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens is essential in drug dependence

Question 15

3 stages of drug dependence

Answer 15

Binge (positive reinforcement)
WIthdrawal (negative reinforcement)
Preoccupation (conditioned positive and negative reinforcement)

Question 16

How do drugs of abuse affect opiod-peptide dynorphin

Answer 16

Upregulation

Question 17

What is the effect of activating kappa opiod receptors (via drugs of abuse)

Answer 17

Triggers dysphoria by reduced dopamine release

Question 18

Acute effects of alcohol consumption

Answer 18

Euphoria
Followed by depressed mood
Slurring of speech
Ataxia
Incoordination
Pupillary dilation

Question 19

Chronic effects of alcoholic consumption

Answer 19

Shrinkage of grey matter

Question 20

Name the cellular targets of MDMA (5)

Answer 20

• 5-HT uptake system
• Dopamine uptake system
• 5-HT2 receptors
• H2 histamine receptor
• Alpha 2 adrenergic receptor

Question 21

What molecule mediates the behavioural action of MDMA

Answer 21

5-HT

Question 22

Which 2 things mediate the psychomotor effects of MDMA

Answer 22

5-HT stimulation of dopamine release

Action of 5-HT1b receptor

Question 23

Is glucose metabolism increased or decreased in MDMA users

Answer 23

Decreased

Question 24

Symptoms of acute MDMA toxicity

Answer 24

Temp increased
Disseminated intravasculalr coagulation
Rhabdomyolysis
Increased renal water reabsorption
Cerebral oedema`

Question 25

Consequence of MDMA overuse?

Answer 25

Loss of serotonin

Question 26

What receptors does cannabis bind to

Answer 26

CB1 and CB2

Question 27

Where are CB1 receptors concentrated

Answer 27

CNS

Question 28

What is the most abundant g protein coupled receptor in the brain

Answer 28

CB1

Question 29

In which brain areas in particular are CB1 receptors found

Answer 29

Neocortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, brainstem

Question 30

Where are CB2 receptors found and with what are they associated

Answer 30

Present in peripheral organs | Associated with immune system

Question 31

Risks of cannaboid use

Answer 31

``` Shizophrenia Major depression Gateway drug Paranoia Memory problems ```

Question 32

5 key steps in managing addiction

Answer 32

``` Detoxification Psychological support Medication Evaluation and treatment Long term follow up ```

Question 33

What is nalmefene

Answer 33

Used to reduce alcohol consumption | Opiate antagonist

Question 34

What drug can be used for nicotine addiction

Answer 34

Varenidine

Question 35

What are the long term effects of crack cocaine

Answer 35

Depression and anxiety Cardio vascular Psychosis Decreased cognitive decline