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Phase 2a Gold Standard > Drug list > Flashcards

Drug list Flashcards

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1
Q

Indications and example of SGLT-2 inhbitor

A

Indication: DMT2, second line treatment

Example: empagliflozin

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2
Q

MoA of SGLT-2 inhibitor

A

Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors. Block reabsorption of glucose in kidney, increasing glucose excretion

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3
Q

Side effects of SGLT-2 inhibitor

A

Dehydration, UTI, genital thrush, thirst

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4
Q

Indications, Example, of DPP4 inhibitors

A

Indication: Second line dual therapy T2DM

Example: Linagliptin

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5
Q

MoA of DPP4 - inhibitor

A

MoA: Inhibits dipeptidylpeptidase-4 to increase insulin secretion and lower glucagon secretion.

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6
Q

Side effects of DPP4- inhibitor

A

Side effects: Cough, nasopharyngitis, hypoglycaemia when taken with other medication

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7
Q

What class of drug is Metformin

A

Biguanide

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8
Q

MoA of Metformin

A

Decreases gluconeogenesis, and increases peripheral utilisation of glucose (only acts in presence of insulin)

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9
Q

Side effects of Metformin

A

abdominal pain, decreased appetite, diarrhoea, altered taste
VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY

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10
Q

MoA of Aspirin

A

irreversible inhibitor of platelet cyclo-oxygenase

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11
Q

MoA of Clopidogrel/ticagrelor

A

P2Y12 ADP receptor inhibitor on platelets

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12
Q

MoA of statins

A

Inhibit HMG CoA reductase

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13
Q

MoA of PCSK9 inhibitor

A

Monoclonal antibody that inhibits PCSK9 protein in liver, improving clearance of cholesterol from blood

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14
Q

Side effects of steroid usage

A
  • Hyperglycaemia
  • Osteoporosis
  • Increased appetite/weight gain
  • Fluid retention
  • Mood changes; irritability, anxiety, depression
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15
Q

Class and Indication of bisphosphonates

A

Example: Alendronate

Indication: Osteoporosis ( postmenopausal, steroid induced and men)

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16
Q

MoA of Alendronate

A

inhibition of osteoclast formation, bone resorption and kinase activation.

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17
Q

Side Effects of Alendronate

A

Common: Abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, dyspepsia, musculoskeletal pain, headache

Severe : Osteonecrosis of the jaw, esophageal cancer, ocular inflammation, renal impairement, heartburn

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18
Q

MoA of Bendroflumethiazide

A

inhibits sodium-chloride symporter in distal convoluted tubules
= increase in sodium and chloride excretion in urine.
= decrease in extracellular fluid volume, blood volume, and blood pressure.

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19
Q

Side Effects of Bendroflumethiazide

A

Common : Hypokalemia , Hyponatraemia , Hyperuricemia, Hyperglycaemia
n+v, dizziness, dry mouth

Severe : Erectile Dysfunction, Photosensitivity, Hearing Loss

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20
Q

Examples of thiazide and loop diuretics

A

Thiazide: Bendroflumethiazide

Loop : Furosemide, Bumetanide

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21
Q

MoA of Loop Diuretic

A

Acts on Na/K/Cl transporter on ascending limb of loop of henle.

Inhibit reabsorption of sodium, chloride and potassium ions = increased urine and decreased blood volume.

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22
Q

Side effects of furosemide

A

Common: Hypokalaemia, Hyponatraemia, Hypomagnesemia, Hypocalcaemia
N+V, Diarrhoea, Dehydration, Dizziness, Increased Urination

Severe: Agranulocytosis , Ototoxicity (damage to the inner ear, leading to hearing loss or tinnitus), hyperuricaemia

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23
Q

Name 2 contraindications for bendroflumethiazide

A

Kidney injury (All diuretics)

Pregnancy and breastfeeding

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24
Q

Drug class and indication of Atenolol

A

Class: Beta Blocker ( beta-1-selective adrenergic antagonist)

Indications: Angina, ACS, arrhythmia (AF, AFL) , Hypertension.

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25
MoA of Atenolol
1. Competitively binds to b-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart. 2. By blocking effects of norepinephrine at these receptors, atenolol reduces HR, CO and BP. 3. Decreased workload of heart 4. Decrease in oxygen demand of heart. 5. Inhibits RAAS = further reduction in BP.
26
Contraindications of Atenolol
Asthma!!! Sinus bradycardia Cardiogenic Shock Greater than 1st degree heart block
27
Side effects of Atenolol
Cold Peripheries Dizziness Diarrhoea Nausea Abdo Pain
28
Drug Class and Indications for Ramipril
Class: Ace-inhibitor Indications: Hypertension, HF, MI
29
MoA of Ramipril
- Inhibits angiotensin – converting enzyme - Decreases angiotensin 2 formation. - Sympathetic activity goes down - Sodium and water reabsorption from kidneys reduces - Smooth muscles in arterioles relax. - = BP DECREASES.
30
Side effects of Ramipril
- Hypokalaemia - Severe Dehydration - AKI - Dry cough - switch to ARB - losartan
31
Why could you have a side effect of a dry cough after the use of an Ace-i?
accumulation of bradykinin - switch to ARB - losartan
32
Drug Class and Indications of Salbutamol
Class: short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist Indications: Asthma, COPD
33
MoA of Salbutamol
acts on beta-2 adrenergic receptors to relax the bronchial smooth muscle.
34
Side effects of salbutamol
Tremor palpitations headache muscle cramps
35
contraindications for salbutamol
high blood pressure during pregnancy, uterine infection, miscarriage (in treatment of threatened abortion) or premature labour heart disease
36
Give the drug class for paractemol
Mild Analgesic, antipyretic
37
MoA of paracetamol
Inhibition of cox-1 and cox-2 . reduces prostaglandin synthesis
38
Side effects of paracetamol
major cause of fulminant hepatitis overdose fatal
39
what is the drug class and indications of loperamide?
class: antidiarrheal (anti-motility agent) indications: IBS-D , IBD
40
MoA of Loperamide
decrease flow of fluid and electrolytes into bowel. Slows movement of bowel, decreasing number of movements
41
Contraindications of loperamide
constipation
42
Drug class and indications of tramadol
Class: synthetic opioid pain reliever Indications: short term moderate to severe pain reliver. IE: surgery or serious injury
43
Drug class of tamsulosin and indications
class : alpha blocker indications: BPH
44
MoA of tamsulosin
selective alpha 1a - adrenergic receptor antagonist. targets smooth muscle receptors of prostate and urethra. blocking receptor relaxes smooth muscle of bladder and prostate improving urine flow
45
side effect of tamsulosin
postural hypotension, erectile dysfunction (but more common with finasteride)
46
Finasteride MoA
5-a-reductase inhibitor: Inhibits conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone
47
Drug class and indications of dalteparin
Class: LMWH , anticoagulant Indications: prophylaxis in DVT , PE - preventing risk of MI/ischaemic stroke
48
MoA of dalteparin
inhibits antithrombin III = therefore an anticoagulant. inhibiting formation of both Factor Xa and thrombin by antithrombin.
49
Side effects of dalteparin
minor bruising, bleeding and pain at injection site.
50
Drug class and indications of rivaroxaban
class: DOAC - factor Xa inhibitor indications: 1st line prohylactically for DVT and PE
51
MoA of rivaroxaban
binds directly to factor Xa. Blocks amplification of coagulation cascade - prevents thrombus formation.
52
Side effects of rivaroxaban
palpitations n+v tiredness, shortness of breath dizziness ocassional nosebleeds, gum bleeding during brushing
53
Drug class and indication of celecoxib
class: nsaid - cox-2 inhibitor indications: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis
54
MoA of celecoxib
selective inhibition of cox-2 , responsible for prostaglandin synthesis. Blocks inflammation.
55
Side effect of celecoxib
dizziness
56
Drug class and indications of diamorphine
Class: opoid analgesic - 2* stronger than morphine - same as heroin indications: short term. surgical procedures, MI, terminally ill patient. relief of dyspnoea in acute pulmonary oedema
57
Side effects of Diamorphine
tolerance dependance withdrawal drowsiness/mental clouding
58
MoA of Diamorphine
Activation of descending inhibitory pathways of CNS. Binds to delta, kappa receptors
59
Side effects of Aspirin
A - Asthma exacerbation S - Salicylate sensitivity P - Peptic ulcer I - Intestinal bleed R - Reyes syndrome I - Impaired renal function N - Noise/tinnitus
60
Side effects of digoxin
- nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea - Visual disturbance (yellow vision) - Bradycardia - Arrhythmia - Confusion
61
Contraindications of digoxin
- Ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia - Hypokalaemia - Severe heart disease (cardiomyopathies)
62
What is digoxin used for
Heart failure and AF/AFl Increases strength of heart contraction whilst reducing heart rate

Phase 2a Gold Standard (29 decks)

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