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Drug list Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the class and use of alendronic acid?

A
  • bisphosphonate
  • used to treat and prevent osteoporosis
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2
Q

What is the mechanism of action of alendronic acid?

A
  • slows the growth rate and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals
  • reduces the rate of bone turnover
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3
Q

What is the class and use of atenolol?

A
  • β blocker/ β-1 adrenergic antagonist
  • hypertension, arrythmias and angina
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4
Q

What is the mechanism of action of atenolol in hypertension and angina?

A
  • negative ionotropic and chronotropic effects
  • blocks β 1 receptors in heart to decrease work
  • reduces renin production: antihypertensive
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5
Q

What is the mechanism of atenolol in arrythmias?

A
  • decreases the effects of sympathetic activity on the heart, therefore decreasing conduction and action potential initiation
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6
Q

What is the class and use of furosemide?

A
  • loop diuretic
  • used for oedema, hypercalcaemia, fluid overload
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7
Q

What is the mechanism of furosemide?

A
  • inhibits the NA/K/2Cl pump in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle which stops the reabsorption of Na, K and water
  • decreases preload
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8
Q

What is the class and use of ramipril?

A
  • ACE inhibitor
  • used for hypertension, heart failure, post MI and diabetic nephropathy
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9
Q

What is the mechanism of action of ramipril?

A
  • inhibits ACE > dec synthesis of angiotensin II
  • this leads to:
  • vasodilation,
  • decreased aldosterone and so dec Na and water retention
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10
Q

What is the class and use of doxazosin?

A
  • α-1 adrenergic blocker
  • hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia
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11
Q

What is the mechanism of doxazosin?

A
  • inhibits postysynaptic α-1 receptors on vascular smooth muscle > decreases TPR and BP
  • relaxes smooth muscle in prostate and bladder to relieve BPH symptoms
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12
Q

What is the class and use of bendroflumethazide?

A
  • thiazide diuretic
  • hypertension, heart failure, oedema, nephrotic syndrome
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13
Q

What is the mechanism of action of bendroflumethazide?

A
  • inhibits Na and Cl reabsorption in the distal tubule
  • leads to inc excretion of Na, Cl ions and therefore water loss
  • can also lead to hypokalaemia
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14
Q

What is the class and use of atracurium?

A
  • non-depolarising neuromuscular blockade
  • used in surgery for paralysis of skeletal muscle to block reflex movements
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15
Q

What is the mechanism of action of atracurium?

A
  • competitive antagonist acting at the nicotinic ACh receptor on skeletal muscle to cause relaxation
  • prevents activation of receptor-channel complex
  • threshold potential can’t be reached to initiate AP
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16
Q

What is the class and use of chloramphenicol?

A
  • potent broad-spectrum antibiotic
  • bacteriostatic agent
  • eye infections and H. influenza
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17
Q

Which bacteria can be treated by chloramphenicol?

A
  • +ve: Strep, Staph, Enterococcus, Listeria
  • -ve: H. influenzae, N. meningitides, E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, P. mirabilis
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18
Q

What is the mechanism of action of chloramphenicol?

A
  • inhibits protein synthesis to stop bacterial growth by binding to 50S ribosome
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19
Q

What is the class and use of cefuroxime?

A
  • β lactam antibiotic: cephalosporin
  • gram -ve bacteria: cholecystitis, prophylaxis, pneumonia
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20
Q

What is the mechanism of action of cefuroxime?

A
  • antibacterial
  • attaches to penicillin binding proteins
  • interrupts cell wall biosynthesis leading to cell lysis and death
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21
Q

What is the class and use of celecoxib?

A
  • NSAID: COX-2 inhibitor
  • osteoarthritis, RA, ankylosing spondylitis
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22
Q

What is the mechanism of action of celecoxib?

A
  • selective noncompetitive inhibition of COX-2
  • this is expressed heavily in inflamed tissues
  • reduces synthesis of prostaglandins leading to alleviation of pain
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23
Q

What is the class and use of ephedrine?

A
  • sympathomimetic amine
  • airway obstruction, nasal congestion
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24
Q

What is the mechanism of action of ephedrine?

A
  • α-1 agonist: inc in HR, CO and TPR
  • stimulates β-2 adrenergic receptors: bronchodilation
  • indirectly displaces norepinephrine from storage vesicles, leads to larger quantities in synapses + postsynaptic receptors, inc SNS stimulation
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25
What is the class and use of ethinyloestradiol?
- oestrogen compound - can be used as part of combined oral contraceptive - used in oestrogen deficiency
26
What is the mechanism of action of ethinyloestradiol?
- mimics oestrogen - combines with oestrogen nuclear receptor and affects protein synthesis - decreases LH, thickens cervical mucus, prevents changes in endometrium
27
What is the class and use of loperamide?
- long acting anti-diarrhoeal: µ opioid receptor agonist - diarrhoea, faecal incontinence
28
What is the mechanism of action of loperamide?
- isn't absorbed from gut so doesn't cross blood brain barrier to act in CNS: only acts in gut - opens potassium channels and blocks calcium channels to affect impulse transmission - decreases peristalsis and fluid secretion in GI tract, increases absorption. Reduces tone.
29
What is the class and use of metformin?
- biguanide - used in blood sugar control: T2DM
30
What is the mechanism of action of metformin?
- decreases gluconeogenesis and intestinal glucose absorption - increases insulin sensitivity and improves peripheral uptake
31
What is the class and use of methotrexate?
- antimetabolite - Crohn's, RA, psoriasis
32
What is the mechanism of action of methotrexate?
- blocks DNA synthesis by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase to prevent cell proliferation - inc ATP and adenosine in extracellular space for anti-inflammatory action
33
What is the class and use of paracetamol?
- antipyretic - used for analgesia and in hepatotoxicity
34
What is the mechanism of action of paracetamol?
- inhibits COX pathways - stops prostaglandin synthesis - acts within CNS for pain relief
35
What is the class and use of rifampicin?
- antimycobacterial and bactericidal - M. tuberculosis and M. leprae, MRSA - tuberculosis, endocarditis, Legionnaires
36
What is the mechanism of action of rifampicin?
- inhibits DNA dependent RNA polymerase - suppresses RNA synthesis > cell death - used with isoniazid
37
What is the class and use of sildenafil?
- phosphodiesterase inhibitor - used for erectile dysfunction, pulmonary arterial hypertension
38
What is the mechanism of action of sildenafil?
- PDE5 inhibitor. - relaxes arterial walls leading to decreased arterial resistance and pressure and reducing workload - induces vasodilation in smooth muscle of lungs and penis
39
What is the class and use of suxamethonium?
- depolarising neuromuscular junction blocker - competitive antagonist of nicotinic Ach receptors in skeletal muscle - used in surgery and intubation
40
What is the mechanism of action of suxamethonium?
- mimics Ach at neuromuscular junction - slower hydrolysis causing sustained depolarisation and neuromuscular blockade
41
What is the class and use of tamsulosin?
- α blocker (α 1a and 1b adrenergic receptor antagonist - used in BPH
42
What is the mechanism of action of tamsulosin?
- selective α 1a and 1b blocker - relaxation of smooth muscle in prostate and detrusor in bladder for better urinary flow
43
What is the class and mechanism of ciprofloxacin?
- quinolone - blocks activity of bacterial DNA gyrase - inhibits transcription and replication of bacterial DNA
44
What bacteria is ciprofloxacin used against?
- gram negative bacilli and cocci - campylobacter jejuni, P. aeuroginosa, cholera, Salmonella type - Neisseria meningitidis and gonorrhoea
45
What is the class and use of ciclosporin?
- immunosuppressant: DMARD - RA, severe UC, atopic dermatitis
46
What is the mechanism of ciclosporin?
- inhibits T cell activation by inhibiting production and release of IL-2
47
What is the class and use of oxybutynin?
- anticholinergic drug - urinary frequency, urgency and incontinence
48
What is the mechanism of oxybutynin?
- inhibits muscarinic action of Ach on smooth muscle only - allows the relaxation of the detrusor
49
What is the class and use of ipratropium?
- anticholinergic: short-acting muscarinic antagonist (SAMA) - asthma/airway obstruction
50
What is the mechanism of ipratropium?
- inhibition of the PSNS in the airways - encourages bronchial secretions and bronchodilation - stops smooth muscle contraction
51
What is the class and mechanism of erythromycin?
- macrolide antibiotic - binds to 50S ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis and therefore replication: bacteriostatic
52
What is the use of erythromycin?
- in penicillin allergy - Strep viridans, β haemolytic strep, Listeria, Bordatella pertussus
53
What is the class and mechanism of rivaroxaban?
- anticoagulant: factor Xa competitive inhibitor - Xa needed to activate II (prothrombin) to IIa (thrombin)
54
What is the use of rivaroxaban?
- prophylaxis of stroke, MI, VTE, DVT, PE - treatment of DVT and PE
55
What is the class and mechanism of salmeterol?
- long acting β-2 adrenergic receptor agonist (LABA) - relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle, bronchodilation and increased airflow
56
What is the use of salmeterol and how is it taken?
- airway obstruction - asthma - exercise-induced bronchospasm - COPD - aerosol
57
What is the class and use of tramadol?
- opiate analgesic - acute and chronic pain - post operative pain
58
What is the mechanism of tramadol?
- µ opioid receptor agonist and SNRI (serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) - inhibitory effects on pain transmission
59
What is the class and mechanism of co-amoxiclav?
- clavulanic acid: β lactamase inhibitor enhances effectiveness of β lactam antibiotics - amoxicillin: penicillin derivative which inhibits penicillin binding proteins, cell wall synthesis and up regulates autolytic enzymes
60
What are the uses of co-amoxiclav?
- gram +ve bacteria e.g. strep causing upper resp tract infection - Strep viridans, β haemolytic strep and H. pylori
61
What is the class and use of diamorphine?
- opioid analgesic - acute and chronic pain - myocardial infarction
62
What is the mechanism of diamorphine?
- experiences first pass metabolism - metabolised to morphine - µ opioid agonist - activation of descending inhibitory pathways of CNS and reduction of nociceptive pain transmission
63
What is the class and use of dalteparin?
- anticoagulant: LmwH - treatment of DVT and PE - used in prophylaxis
64
What is the mechanism of dalteparin?
- increases activity of antithrombin III - inhibits formation of factor Xa and so thrombin from prothrombin
65
What is the class and use and route of dobutamine?
- inotropic agent - support in cardiac surgery, cardiomyopathy and shock - IV infusion
66
What is the mechanism of dobutamine?
- β-1 agonist - increases myocardial contractility and SV resulting in inc CO

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