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2a- pharmacology lectures > Drug targets - receptors, ion channels, enzymes, transporters > Flashcards

Drug targets - receptors, ion channels, enzymes, transporters Flashcards

combination of 2 lectures: drugs and enzymes & drugs and receptors

1
Q

what is an enzyme inhibitor?

A

a molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity.
It prevents the substrate from entering the enzyme’s active site and prevents it from catalysing its reaction.

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2
Q

what are the 2 types of enzyme inhibitor?

A
  1. Irreversible inhibitors – react with the enzyme and change it chemically
  2. Reversible inhibitors – bind non-covalently and different types of inhibition are produced depending on whether these inhibitors bind to the enzyme, the enzyme-substrate complex, or both.
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3
Q

name a VERY COMMON drug that uses enzyme inhibition in its pathway

what enzyme does it inhibit and why

A

statin

statins inhibit the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase in the formation of cholesterol pathway

therefore lower lipids

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4
Q

example of enzyme inhibition: what does inhibiting ACE in the RAAS pathway cause?

A

inhibiting of Angiotensin converting enzyme

reduces angiotensin I from becoming angiotensin II

leads to reduction in blood pressure

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5
Q

what disease is commonly treated with enzyme inhibitor drugs?

A

parkinsons

inhibit dopamine degradation

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6
Q

what is the difference between passive and active transporters?

A

no energy required for a passive transporter

energy required for an active transporter

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7
Q

what are the 2 main types of passive transporter?

A

Symporter (cotransporter protein)

Channels

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8
Q

what is the main type of passive transporter?

A

ATP-ases

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9
Q

what are the 3 main types of cell membrane proteins transporters?

A

uniporter

symporter

antiporter

(symporter and anti porter are cotransporters)

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10
Q

does a uniporter use ATP?

A

yes - use energy from ATP to pull molecules in

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11
Q

does a symporter use ATP? give an example of a symporter

A

No

uses the movement of one molecule to pull in another molecule against a concentration gradient.

Both substances go in same direction

E.g the Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC) in kidney

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12
Q

does a antiporter use ATP? give an example of a antiporter

A

No

one substance moves against its gradient, using energy from the second substance (mostly Na+, K+ or H+) moving down its gradient.

Substances go in opposite directions

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13
Q

how does a voltage gated ion channel work ?

A

Closed normally, then activated when exposed to depolarisation (action potential)

Calcium enters the cell at depolarisation, which activates Ca-sensitive K channels, which causes muscle contraction, and excitation of neurons etc.

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14
Q

what drug inhibits a voltage gated calcium channel in order to lower blood pressure?

A

amlodipine

(inhibits muscle contraction)

stopping Ca influx across cell membranes. This causes vasodilation, reduced peripheral vascular resistance and lowers BP

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15
Q

which channels are important in regulation of insulin secretion ?

A

voltage gates potassium channel

in the islets of langerhans in pancreas

(drugs blocking them triggers insulin secretion and therefore these are used in type 2 DM treatment)

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16
Q

how does the sodium pump work in the heart?

(Na/K ATP-ase)

A

Pumps 3 Na out of cell, 2 K into cell,

against both their concentration gradients therefore needs ATP

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17
Q

how does the sodium pump work in the heart?

(Na/K ATP-ase)

A

Pumps 3 Na out of cell, 2 K into cell,

against both their concentration gradients therefore needs ATP

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18
Q

what drug inhibits the Na/K ATP-ase pump in the heart, why is it useful?

A

Digoxin inhibits it

causes an increase in intracellular Na and then an increase in intravceullar Ca

this lengthens CO and a decrease in heart rate is seen

so it is used Ito treat AF and heart failure

19
Q

what is a proton pump and where is it used?

A

K/H ATP-ase in the stomach

exchanges K I the intestinal lumen with H+ (aq)

responsible for acidification of the stomach because its activates pepsin

inhibit the pump to inhibit acid secretion

20
Q

name the major enzyme family involved in drug metabolism

A

CYPs

cytochrome P450

these deactivate drugs so they can be excreted

21
Q

examples of drug targets

A

these are all proteins –>

receptors
enzymes
transporters
ion channels

22
Q

what is a receptor?

A

a component of a cell that interacts with a specific ligand and initiates a change of biochemical events leading to the ligands observed effects.

23
Q

what are examples of exogenous and endogenous ligands?

A

Exogenous (extrinsic) - drugs

endogenous (intrinsic) - hormones, neurotransmitters

24
Q

what is a ligand

A

a molecule that binds to another (usually larger) molecule

25
Q

what are the types of receptors?

A

ligand gated ion channels

G protein coupled receptors

kinase linked receptors

25
Q

what are 4 types of receptors?

A

ligand gated ion channels

G protein coupled receptors

kinase linked receptors

nuclear receptors

26
Q

how do ligand gated ion channels act as receptors?

A

Ion channels form pores in the membrane that allow ions to pass through and cause a shift on electric charge distribution

27
Q

how do G protein coupled receptors act as receptors?

A

GPCRs elicit a conformational change that causes an intracellular signal cascade

when a ligand binds, they catalyse the exchange of GDP to GTP (using G proteins?)

28
Q

how do G protein coupled receptors act as receptors?

A

GPCRs elicit a conformational change that causes an intracellular signal cascade

when a ligand binds, they catalyse the exchange of GDP to GTP (using G proteins?)

29
Q

how do kinase-linked receptors act as receptors?

what are they specifically receptors for?

A

kinases catalyse the transfer of phosphate groups (substrate gains a phosphate, donated from ATP

they are receptors for growth factors

30
Q

how do nuclear receptors act as receptors?

what are they specifically receptors for?

A

they are steroid hormone receptors

they are intracellular molecules that modify gene transcription

they have zinc fingers (to bind to DNA) and a ligand binding site

31
Q

how do drugs activate receptors ?

(2 state model of receptor activation)

A

drugs activate receptors by inducing or supporting a conformational change in the receptor from off to on

32
Q

what are Log concentration response curves used for?

A

plot drugs against their dose response.

It shows how a response is mediated by an increasing amount of the drug

useful in deciding dosages

33
Q

what is the normal shape of a log concentration response curve?

A

sigmoidal

eventually increasing the dose doesn’t make an increased response, saturated

34
Q

what is EC50?

A

half maximal effective concentration’ ie. the concentration of a drug needed to cause half of the maximum possible effect/response

35
Q

what is a partial agonist?

A

Agonist that never reaches stage where it can elicit a 100% response

36
Q

what is the intrinsic activity of a drug?

A

a measure of the ability of a drug that is bound to the receptor to generate an activating stimulus and produce a change in cellular activity.

ie. eficiicay

ie. its ability to produce a maximum response

37
Q

what is the maximum response shown as on theog concentration response curve?

A

Emax

38
Q

what is allosteric modulation?

A

When an allosteric ligand binds to a different site on the molecule to the agonist, and also causes conformational change in the protein

can have the same or different effect

A non-competitive antagonist binds to an allosteric binding site on the receptor and here it does not completely block the effect of the agonist

allosteric site is just ‘the other’ binding site

39
Q

do antagonists have a high or low efficacy?

A

ZERO efficacy

(because they block receptors, dont activate receptors at all )

40
Q

is the following true:

the more receptors a cell has, the easier it is to reach maximum response

A

higher dose does cause more activation of more receptors

however some agonists only need to activate a small fraction of the existing receptors to produce maximal response. there is a receptor reserve seen

41
Q

what is inverse agonism?

A

When a drug that binds to the same receptor as an agonist, but induces an opposite response to that agonist! This is an inverse agonist

42
Q

what is the difference between tolerance and desensitisation to a drug?

A

both see a reduction in drug effect,

tolerance is a slow process building up over time

desensitisation is rapid

2a- pharmacology lectures (12 decks)

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