Drug Types Flashcards
(35 cards)
ANTI-HISTAMINES
(Bepotastine, Emedastine, Levocabastine)
(Topical, Levocabastine- Nasal) - Inhibit mediator action - Block H1 receptors on smooth muscles (BVs, bronchi, GI) (preventing H1»_space; (inc) IP3, DAG»_space; (inc) Ca»_space; VC), Also preventing VD (precapillary/capillary)
Tx - Symptoms of seasonal allergies, allergic rxn (itch/edema), local anaesthetic
SE - Stinging, Mydriasis (NOT for narrow angles), Allergies (w/ chronic use), Category C (NOT for pregnant women), NOT for patients w/ GI, urinary tract disease, NOT for antifungal/macrolide users (Cytochrome P450 drug interactions - Effect on cardiac K+ rectifying current»_space; Drug toxicit
ANTI-HISTAMINES + ADJUNCT MAST CELL STABILIZERS
(Alcaftadine, Ketotifen)
ANTI-HISTAMINES + ADJUNCT MAST CELL STABILIZERS + INHIBIT OTHER MEDIATORS RELEASED
(Olopatadine - Maybe does NOT cause mydriasis, Azelastine, Epinastine)
1ST GEN ANTI-HISTAMINES
(Diphenhydramine, Promethazine, Chlorpheniramine - Weakly sedating)
(Oral)
Anti-M, Lipophilic»_space; CNS effects
Tx Anti-nausea, Alt to Botox (lid myokymia)
SE - CNS depression, Strongly sedating (but excitation in young children) - (NOT for alcohol, CNS depressant users), Dry mouth, Dysrhythmia, May cause convulsions
2ND GEN ANTI-HISTAMINES
(Loratadine, Desloratadine, Fexofenadine, Cetirizine)
(Oral)
More H1-selective, Longer acting
SE - HA
MAST CELL STABILIZERS
(Cromolyn, Lodoxamide)
Inhibit mediator release (from mast cells) - (Lag time in action)
(Topical) - Poor absorption
Tx - (Alt to corticosteroid for chronic care) for vernal/atopic keratoconjunctivitis, For gen seasonal allergies/asthma, GPS, Prophylaxis
Few syst SE
MAST CELL STABILIZERS + INHIBIT OTHER MEDIATORS
(Neodocromil, Pemirolast)
ANTI-IGE ANTIBODY
(Omalizumab)
Prevents IgEs from binding and activating mast cells
DECONGESTANTS
(Phenylephrine)
Alpha1-agonists (inc) IP3, DAG»_space; (inc) CA»_space; VC
Tx - FASTEST relief for (symptoms) of allergic conjunctivitis, conj hyperemia, mild allergies
SE - Rebound congestion
IMIDAZOLES
(-AZOLINE)
(Visine)
(Naphazoline, Oxymetazoline, Tetrahydrozoline)
DECONGESTANTS
(Potent) More alpha1-selective
SE - Less rebound congestion
Tx options for wet AMD
Anti-VEGF vitreal injections (every 4-6 weeks)
(Pegaptanib, Bevacizumab, Ranibizumab, Aflibercept), Photodynamic therapy (Verteporfin), Laser surgery
ANTI-VEGF
(Pegaptanib, Bevacizumab, Ranibizumab, Aflibercept)
Binds to VEGF-A (NOT receptor)
Vitreal injection (every 4-6 weeks)
Against neovascularization in PDR, wet AMD
SE - Endophthalmitis, Ret detachment, Traumatic cataract / (inc) IOP
PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY
(Verteporfin)
Dye - Binds to plasma lipoproteins - Activated by bright lights - Generate oxygen radicals - Collapse small, immature BVs
SE - HA, Visual impairment
NSAID
COX inhibitior, Fibroblast (scarring) inhibitor
Tx - Against inflammation (esp during/after cataract/corneal ref surgery), Mild/Mod pain (Analgesic, for specific inflammatory-induced pain NOT anaesthetic, which has non-specific blocking of action potentials»_space; numbing effect), Antipyretic
SE - NO rebound inflammation, Allergies, GI distress, Affect renal clearance of other drugs, (Inc) duration of bleeding, (NOT) for pregnant women (COX expressed in fetal development)
More COX-1 selective NSAID
(Flurbiprofen, Suprofen, Ketorolac, Aspirin)
More COX-2 selective NSAID
(Bromfenac, Nepafenac, Diclofenac, Rofecoxib, Meloxicam)
CORTICOSTEROIDS
Inhibit Phospholipase A2 (work at top of overall signalling cascade»_space; Eicosanoids) but NOT analgesics (NOT specific enough)
(Cont made endogenously) Inhibit gene expression related to immune responses
Tx - Anti-inflammatory, NOT analgesic
SE - Rebound inflammation, NOT for pregnant women, ENHANCE fungal growth
OPIOIDS
Opioid receptor (u, k, delta) agonists/ antagonists
Oral / Injection, (Inc) tol for analgesics/euphoria effects»_space; Have to (inc) dose, but NO tol for resp/GI/pupil/ effects
Tx - Mild/mod/severe pain (Analgesia), but NOT for non-nociceptive nerve pain (damaged»_space; chronic firing) / CNS effects (Euphoria,calming / Anesthesia), Cough suppressant (Antitussive), Diarrhea (Flush system)
SE - Euphoria (Addiction), (Dec) respiration, Sedation, (Dec) GI, Miosis, Nausea (Vomiting), Constipation
Types of ANTIBACTERIALS
Folate synthesis inhibitors, Cell wall synthesis inhibitors (inc Beta-lactams), Protein synthesis inhibitors (inc Aminoglycosides, Macrolides), DNA gyrase/Topoisomerase IV inhibitors, Cell membrane inhibitors
BETA-LACTAMS
CELL WALL SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS
(BacteriCIDAL) Prevent building blocks from attaching to existing cell wall lattice
(T > MIC) - Time-dep - Difficult to maintain therapeutic levels (for vitreal infection) - b/c Removed quickly by transporters on ret BVs
Tx - (Gram +) First-line antibiotic for most systemic infections
AMINOGLYCOSIDES
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS
BacteriCIDAL (on 30 S) Abnormal codon:anticodon»_space; Misreading of message
(Cmax/MIC) - Conc-dep - Topical, Synergystic effect w/ Beta-lactams, Vancomycin
Tx - Gram (-)
SE - Corneal toxicity, Neurotoxicity, Oxotoxicity, Nephrotoxicity, Photosensitivity (of skin)»_space; Hives
MACROLIDES
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS
(BacteriCIDAL) - (on 50 S) Inhibits translocation (tRNA from A-site»_space; P-site)
Tx - Mostly narrow - Gram (+) / Blepharitis, Chlamydia
SE - GI toxicity
ENTRY/FUSION INHIBITORS
Inhibit host cell receptors OR virus surface receptors»_space; Prevent viral entry/fusion
NON-NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS
Denatures reverse transcriptase enzyme (RNA»_space; DNA)
Tx - Against RNA viruses
SE - Better tolerated
