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Drugs Flashcards

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1
Q

Methotrexate

A

Dihydrofolate-reductase Inhibitor.
Inhibits Folate Synthesis, causing immunosuppression.

-Taken once weekly
-Used commonly in rheumatological conditions
-Used for cancer

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2
Q

Drugs for Temporal Arteritis

A

Steroid: Prednisolone (For Inflammation)
Bisphosphonate: Alendronate (For bone loss)
Calcipotriol (For bone-loss from steroids)

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3
Q

Alendronic Acid

A

Bisphosphonate: Inhibits cholesterol pathway (HMG-CoA)

-Used to prevent bone loss
-Side effects: Oesophagitis

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4
Q

Spironolactone

A

K+ Sparing Diuretic / Aldosterone Antagonist
Acts on Na+/K+ Channels in DCT/Collecting Duct.

-Used in hypokalemia
-Used in Aldosteronism (Conn’s)

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5
Q

Digoxin

A

Class V Vaughen-Williams Antiarythmetic:
Blocks K+/Na+ Channels.

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6
Q

Aspirin

A

COX-1 Irreversible inhibitor and COX-2 depressor.
Reduces Thromboxane-A2, reducing platelet activation.

-300mg for ACS / Stroke (After confirmed ischaemic)
-75mg OD for:
——Stroke/MI Risk-reduction
——Essential Thrombocythaemia / Polycythaemia
——Temporal Arteritis prophylaxis
-Risk of peptic ulcers (Fewer protective prostaglandins)

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7
Q

Furosemide

A

Loop Diuretic
Blocks NA-K-Cl Channels in the Loop of Henle
Causing elevated excretion of salts and water.

-Used in heart failure (HF)
-May cause hypokalaemia.

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8
Q

Warfarin

A

Vitamin K-Recycling Inhibitor
Blocks formation of CF II, VII, IX, and X

-Give vitamin K + Prothrombin complex to reverse
-Target INR 2-3 generally
-Spinach contains VitK: Reduces Warfarin function.
-Prefered over DOACs in metalic valves.

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9
Q

Drugs for ACS

A

MONA(TAS)
-Morphine - [Alleviate pain]
-Oxygen - [Prevent hypoxia - only if <94% sats]
-Nitrates - [Vasodilate]
-Aspirin 300mg - [Reduce Thromboxane A2]

-(Thromolytics) - Alteplase - [Breakdown clot within 4.5 hours]
-(Anticoagulants) - LMWH - [Thrombin inhibiton]
-(Stool-Softeners) - Senna - [For morphine]

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10
Q

Drugs for Hypertension

A

1: ACEI/ARB (<55 / T2DM) OR CCB/Thiazide-Like-Diur (>55 / Black)
2: +CCB/Thiaz-Like-Diur (<55 / T2DM) OR +Thiaz-Like-Diur/CCB (>55/Black)
3: Add the third option from above
4: +Spironolactone (Low K+) OR +ßB/∂B (Norm K+)

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11
Q

Heparin

A

Anti-Thrombin activator.
Reduces Xa production and inhibits thrombin.

-Uses include; Stable PE, AF, DVT.

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12
Q

Chlorphenamine

A

Anti-Histamine
Reduces body’s reaction to IgE/Mast-Cell Activation.

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13
Q

Trimethoprim

A

Dihydrofolate-reductase inhibitor.
Interferes with DNA synthesis in bacteria.

-Used for UTIs in non-pregnant people (Nitrofurantoin would be preferred here instead).

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14
Q

Nitrofurantoin

A

Damages bacterial DNA
Heavily concentrated in the urine

-Used first line in UTIs for pregnant women.
-Avoid using at full-term.

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15
Q

Riluzole

A

Na+ Channel blocker
Reduces the release of glutamate from neurons and increases uptake

-Used to improve ALS prognosis.

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16
Q

Pyridostigmine

A

Long ACh-Esterase Inhibitor (-Tigmine)
Elevates synaptic levels of ACh.

-Treatment for Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

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17
Q

Edrophonium

A

Short ACh-Esterase Inhibitor
Elevates synaptic levels of ACh

-Diagnosis of Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

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18
Q

Drugs for diagnosing and treating Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Diagnosis:
-Edrophonium (SA ACh-Esterase-Inhibitor)
-Test to see if symptoms improve.
-Atropine in case of DUMBELS (Cholinergic crisis)

Treatment:
-Pyridostigmine (LA ACh-Esterase-Inhibitor)

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19
Q

Levothyroxine

A

Manufactured Thyroxine (T4)

-Used to treat hypothyroidism (Myxoedema)

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20
Q

ß-Interferon

A

Cytokine (That can be exogenously produced)
Reduces the number of white cells which cross the BBB.

-Used to treat multiple sclerosis (MS)

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21
Q

Pegylated ∂-interferon 2a

A

Manufactured Cytokine

-Used to treat Hep-B and Hep D
-May be used for Hep-C (DAA preferred)

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22
Q

Acyclovir

A

Antiviral
Reacts with virus then reacts with host cell to prevent DNA replication.

-Used for Encephalitis
-Used for Herpes/Varicella Zoster.
-May be effective against CMV, EBV, HSV, and Varicella.

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23
Q

Rifampicin

A

DNA-Dependent RNA-Polymerase inhibitor
Antibiotic

-“4 for 2 and 2 for 4” [or 10 with CNS])
-6 Months treatment for TB
-ALSO used alongside Vancomycin for MRSA
-Side effect: Red urine (R for Red)

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24
Q

Isoniazid

A

Antibiotic
Inhibits mycobacterium cell wall synthesis.

-“4 for 2 and 2 for 4” [or 10 with CNS])
-6 Months treatment for TB
-Side effect: Jaundice + Per(I)pheral Neuropathy

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25
Ethambutol
Antibiotic Inhibits mycobacterium cell wall synthesis. -"4 for 2 and 2 for 4" [or 10 with CNS]) -2 Months treatment for TB -Side effect: Visual issues (E for Eye)
26
Pyrazinamide
Antibiotic Elevates TB intracellular H+ -"4 for 2 and 2 for 4" [or 10 with CNS]) -2 Months treatment for TB -Side effect: Gout
27
Drugs for TB and the duration:
RIPE -"4 for 2 and 2 for 4" [or 10 with CNS]) Rifampicin: 6 Months - Red Urine Isoniazid: 6 Months (Use these two for a further 10 months if CNS involvement). Pyrazinamide: 2 Months Ethambutol: 2 Months - Eye issues
28
Calcipotriol
Vitamin D -Used alongside long-term steroids -Used 1st-line for osteoporosis with Ca2+ and alendronate. -Used for Hypocalcaemia -Used for Psoriasis
29
Drugs for COPD
Quit smoking + Flu vaccines then: -1: SABA (Salbutamol) [Blue inhaler] and/OR SAMA (Ipatropium) -2: + LABA (Salmeterol) + LAMA (Tiotropium) + Stop SAMA -3: + ICS [Earthy inhaler] -4: + Oxygen
30
Salbutamol
Short-Acting-Beta2-Agonist (SABA) Induces Gs > Adenylate Cyclase > cAMP > PKA PKA inhibits MLC-Kinase causing dilation. -"Blue inhaler". -Used for asthma exacerbations -Used for COPD after smoking cessation
31
Salmeterol
Long-Acting-Beta-Agonist (LABA) Induces Gs > Adenylate Cyclase > cAMP > PKA PKA inhibits MLC-Kinase causing dilation. -"Pinky-Red inhaler" -Used 4th for asthma control (After SABA, ICS, and LTRA) -Used 2nd for COPD after SABA and smoking cessation
32
Ramipril
Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Inhibitor (ACE-I) Reduces sympathetic response and water retention "-PRIL" -Used 1st line for <55s or diabetics with hypertension. (/ARBs) -Used for dilated cardiomyopathy -Used 2nd line for heart failure (/ARBs) -Used 2nd line for >55s with hypertension (/ARBs) -Side effects: Dry cough
33
Losartan
Angiotensin-II-Receptor Blocker (ARB) Reduces aldosterone release and water retention "-SARTAN" -Used 1st line for <55s with hypertension. (/ACEIs) -Used 2nd line for heart failure (/ACEIs) -Used 2nd line for >55s with hypertension /ACEIs)
34
Amlodipine
Dihydropyridine Calcium-Channel Blocker (CCB) Specifically inhibits vessel SM calcium-channels >Reduced calmodium and muscle contraction "-PINE" -Used 1st line for hypertension (>55 / Black) -Used 2nd line for hypertension (<55 / DM) -Side effects: Peripheral Oedema
35
Drugs for Osteoperosis
-1: VitD + Calcium + Alendronic Acid -2: Denozumab
36
Denozumab
Monoclonal Antibody inhibiting RANK-Ligand Inhibits osteoclastic activity = less resporption -Used 2nd line for osteoporosis (After Ca, VitD, and bisphosphonates)
37
Drugs for Gout
Acute flare-up: Colchicine (aCute for Colchicine) Long-Term: Allopurinol (LOng alLOpurinol)
38
Drugs for Gullian Barre
Intravenous immunoglobulins -Replace the damaging immunoglobulins that are produced after the causative infection.
39
Drugs for PE
Is the patient haemodynamically unstable? -Alteplase / Streptokinase (Thrombolytic) Is the patient haemodynamically stable? -Apixaban (Anti-Platelet DOAC) -OR LMWH if unsuitable for DOAC.
40
Drugs for Crohn's Disease
Prevent relapse: Azathioprine (Thiopurine) Induce Remission: Prednisolone (Corticosteroids)
41
Drugs for Ulcerative Colitis
Send into remission and prevent relapse: -Sulfasalasine (Aminosalicylic acid) If severe: -IV Prednisolone Remove the entire colon if needed.
42
Azathioprine
Thiopurine. Immunosuppression via blocking the formation of white cells. -Used for Crohn's -Used for SLE -Used for transplantation
43
Carbimazole
Inhibits tyrosine-coupling and forming T3/T4 -Used for hyperthyroidism -May cause agranulocytosis (watch for a sore throat)
44
Mannitol
Sugar-alcohol that acts as an osmotic diuretic in the blood. Opens the blood-brain barrier. -Used for raised ICP. -Used for glaucoma
45
Metformin
Biguanide- Increases liver sensitivity to insulin. -1st line for T2DM -Side effects: Lactic acidosis
46
Insulin
Stimulates uptake of glucose into hepatocytes and inhibits gluconeogenesis. -1st line for T1DM -Last resort for T2DM -Can be used with dextrose in hyperkalemia. -May cause hypoglycemia.
47
Gliclazide
Sulfonylurea - Increases ß-cell excretion of insulin by blocking K+/ATPase channels -2nd/3rd line for T2DM -May cause weight gain -May cause Hypoglycaemia
48
Sitagliptin
DDP4-Inhibitor: Increases incretin levels which inhibit glucagon. -2nd/3rd line for T2DM -Weight-neutral.
49
Dapagliflozin
SGLT2-Inhibitor: Increases urine glucose excretion. -2nd/3rd line for T2DM -May cause weight-loss -May cause Hypoglycemia.
50
Drugs for Cushing's
Ketoconazole - Reduces Cortisol and Aldosterone production. Metyrapone - Reduces Cortisol and Aldosterone production.
51
Drugs for oesophageal varices
1st: Vasopressin or similar (Vasoconstrict)
52
Drugs for Asthma
1st: SABA e.g. Salbutamol 2nd: Weak ICS e.g. Beclamethosone 3rd: LTRA e.g. Montelukast 4th: Stop LTRA and go for LABA e.g. Salmeterol 5th: Strong ICS e.g Beclamethosone
53
Montelukast
Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist Reduces airway inflammation -3rd Line for Asthma treatment after SABA and ICS.
54
Drugs for migraine
Mild-Moderate: Paracetamol and NSAIDs With Aura, acute: Sumatriptan (Triptan - Avoid in CVD/Preggo) Vomiting: Metoclopramide (Anti-Emetic - D2-Antagonist) Preventative: Propanolol / Topiramate (For asthmatics, avoid if taking COCP).
55
Drugs for Heart Failure
1st: ACE-I and Beta-Blocker 2nd/Reserved EF: Thiazides 3rd: Possibly Amiodarone / Digoxin
56
Adenosine
Binds Adenosine receptors causing complete heart block and SM dilation. -Used for Supra-ventricular tachycardia AFTER Valsalva maneuver.
57
Prednisolone
GLUCOcorticoid which has anti-inflammatory, hyperglycaemic, and sympathetic effects. -Side effects: Cushing's Syndrome + Bone Loss -Used in many inflammatory diseases, primarily rheumatological conditions.
58
Hydrocortisone
CORTICOsteroid which has both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid properties. -Literally the same molecule as cortisol. -Same uses as glucocorticoids but also can be used in Addison's disease.
59
Fludrocortisone
Primarily a MINERALOcorticoid which acts as an aldosterone analogue. -Used in adrenal insufficiencies.
60
Sumatriptan
Triptan that activates serotonin receptors causing Vasoconstriction + Reduced nociceptive neurotransmitters. -Used to stop migraines and cluster headaches
61
Clozapine
Dopamine Antagonist -Used to treat schizophrenia -Common cause of drug-induced Parkinsonism.
62
Drugs for Epilepsy
Generalized: -Nonpregnant: Sodium Valproate -Pregnant/Female in general: Lamotrigine Partial: -Lamotrigine or Carbamazapine
63
Benzylpenicillin
B-Lactam commonly used in the community. -Used for Neisseria prophylaxis -Used to treat Syphilis.
64
S. Aureus Endocarditis
Vancomycin +Rifampcin if MRSA
65
Bendroflumethiazide
Diuretic DCT Na/Cl Blocker
66
Ipatropium
Short-Acting Muscarinic Antagonist Inhaled: Blocks M3 receptors and causes bronchodilation. -Can be used 1st line for COPD with salbutamol.
67
Loperamide
Agonist to μ-Opiod receptor. -Used to harden stools and reduce diarrhea -2nd line drug (3rd line treatment) for IBS. -Used acutely for bowel obstruction.
68
Octreotide
Somatostatin Analog -Used for acromegaly. -Used to ease symptoms and slow growth of carcinoid tumors.
69
Anti-Folates
Phenytoin Methotrexate Trimethoprim
70
Dopamine Agonists
Bro, Rope. Per, Pram, Rot Bromocriptine Ropinirole Pergolide Pramipexole Rotigotine
71
Lithium
Therapeutic Range: 0.4-1, measured 12h after dose taken. Toxic: >1.5 Measured Every Week until stable Measured Every 3m x4 (1y) Measured Every 6m Onwards. "Weekly visit to the stable, where I'll be visiting my 4 s 3-month ponies. I'll be learning to ride them when they're 6m old.
72
Macrolides
Azythromycin, Clarythromycin, Erythromycin. -Antibiotics often used as alternatives to b-Lactams. -Use Erythromycin in pregnancy -All tend to stimulate the stomach and GI tract which means: -----1. Are used 1st for dysmotility in systemic sclerosis. -----2. Are a RF for Pyloric Stenosis in infants.

Medicine Extras (24 decks)

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