Drugs Flashcards
(207 cards)
1
Q
What is a drug?
A
Natural or synthetic substance that is used to produce psychological or physiological effects in humans or other higher order animals
2
Q
Drugs of abuse or illicit drugs
A
When drugs are produced legally or illegally, and are taken strictly for pleasure
3
Q
When drugs are taken for a therapeutic reason, they are known as what?
A
Pharmaceuticals
4
Q
Body’s physical need– or addiction– to a specific chemical
A
Drug dependence
5
Q
The severity of likelihood of the dependence is influenced by what?
A
Nature of the drug
Route of administration
Dose
Frequency of use
Individual rate of metabolism
Personal characteristics of user
6
Q
Drug dependence can be . . .
A
Physical, psychological, or involve aspects of both
7
Q
Physical dependence involves what?
A
Physiological side effects of tolerance and withdrawal that usually results from chronic use
8
Q
Physical dependence can result in what?
A
Withdrawal sickness
9
Q
What is withdrawal sickness?
A
When the drug is abruptly stopped, the body will go through an illness that can have side effects worse than taking the drug
10
Q
Examples of specific classes of drugs that are more prone to physical dependency?
A
Narcotics and depressants
11
Q
Psychological Dependence is considered what?
A
Addiction
12
Q
Addiction involves what?
A
Perceived need or desire for a drug
Inability to function normally without drug
13
Q
Addicts often ponder drug use long after ____________ has subsided
A
Physical need
14
Q
Two major patterns of abuse?
A
Initiated medically and unable to stop after medication course is over
Experimentation and recreational use
15
Q
Tolerance
A
The need to ingest progressively larger amounts of a drug to maintain a desired effect
16
Q
Tolerance is characterized by marked decrease in both _______ and _______ of desired effect of a dosage
A
Time duration and intensity
17
Q
Tolerance development?
A
Inconsistent and unpredictable
18
Q
What often accompanies increased tolerance?
A
Toxic side effects
19
Q
Natural drugs?
A
Chemicals used either therapeutically or recreationally that are made from plants or animals
20
Q
What kind of drugs can be either raw or refined?
A
Plant-derived
21
Q
Raw plant-derived drugs
A
Cannabis, mushrooms
22
Q
Refined plant-derived drugs
A
Heroin, cocaine
23
Q
What type of drugs tend to be more pharmaceutical in nature?
A
Animal-derived drugs
24
Q
Examples of animal-derived drugs that tend to be more pharmaceutical in nature?
A
Insulin
Cod liver
Thyroid
Bufotenine (venom from toads)
25
Many recreational drugs have plant-based sources?
Flowers
Seeds
Stems
Leaves
Roots
Fruit
Bark
26
Synthetic drugs
Derived from mineral sources using chemical processes
27
What type of drug has no natural ingredients?
Synthetic drug
28
Examples of synthetic drugs?
LSD
Methamphetamine
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"Designer Drugs"
Synthetic drugs created from an illegal drug source
30
Examples of "Designer Drugs"?
Synthetic marijuana
"bath salts"
N-bomb (alternative to LSD)
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Psychotropic drugs
Mind altering chemicals
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Different categories of psychotropic drugs depending on the effect?
Excitantia
Inebriantia
Hypnotica
Euphorica
Phantastica
Entactogens
Psychodysleptics
33
These are drugs that cause an excited state, or are stimulants; known as "uppers"?
Excitania/Stimulants
34
Stimulants
Usually cause enhanced alertness, wakefulness, and temporary improvements to physical or mental functions
35
Also known as psychoanalytic in pharmacology?
Stimulants
36
Examples of stimulants?
Caffeine
Amphetamines
Nicotine
Cocaine
37
These are drugs that create a feeling of pleasure or happiness in a person? (also known as Depressants)
Inebriantia/Intoxicants
38
What are the most noted side-effects of intoxicants?
Pain-relief
Memory impairment
Lowered blood pressure
Lowered heart rate
39
Examples of intoxicants?
Alcohol
Nitrous Oxide
Barbiturates
40
These drugs induce sleep, usually treating insomnia, night terrors, and other sleep disorders?
Hypnotica/Soporifics
41
The most commonly prescribed soporifics (Hypnotica) fall in which category/
Benzodiazepines
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Hypnotica/Soporifics are also known as what in pharmacology?
Psychodysleptic
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These are drugs that are used as a tranquilizer or an analgesic?
Euphorica/Sedative
44
Side effects of sedatives?
Slurred speech
Staggering
Loss of reflexes
Unconsciousness
45
Are sedatives used therapeutically?
Yes
46
What are sedatives also known as in pharmacology?
Psycholeptic
47
Examples of sedatives?
Lorazepam
Valium
Klonopin
48
These are drugs that cause hallucinations
Phantastica/Hallucinogens
49
What are hallucinations?
A distortion of the perception of reality
50
Side effects of hallucinogens?
Hearing sounds
Seeing images that are not there
Feeling sensations that are not there
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Examples of hallucinogens?
LSD
Peyote
PCP
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Also known as an empathogen?
Entactogen
53
These drugs create experiences of oneness, emotional openness, and other emotion-based experiences?
Entactogens
54
These are considered different from hallucinogens, psychedelic, amphetamine or stimulants
Entactogens
55
Example of an entactogen?
MDMA
56
An analgesic or pain-killing substance that depresses the central nervous system?
Narcotics
57
What do Narcotics do?
Lowers vital body functions such as blood pressure, pulse rate, and breathing rate
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Narcotics are also known as what?
Opioids
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What do opioids include?
Morphine
Heroin
Thebaine
Methadone
Codeine
60
Opiates are drugs that are derived from what?
Opium poppy, which has the scientific name of Papaver somniferum
61
There is a group of drugs which are not derived from opiates but are considered opioids
These can be synthetic or semi-synthetic
62
What is the drug, Opium?
An emulsion of the poppy microparticles suspended in an aqueous solution (latex)
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What is Opium?
A brown powder which has a morphine content ranging between 4% - 21%
64
Opium drug is most frequently sold, transported, and smuggled as what?
Heroin
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Therapeutically, opioids were used as what?
Anesthesia
Cough suppressant
Diarrhea suppressant
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What is Methadone used for?
Reverse opioid overdose
67
Side effects of opioids?
Itchiness
Sedation
Nausea
Respiratory depression (main effect in overdose)
Euphoria
Constipation
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An analgesic that is used as a painkiller?
Morphine
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When is morphine frequently used?
During myocardial infarction or during labor
Can be given orally, injected into muscle or dermal, or IV
Maximum effect occurs within 20-60 minutes (depending on delivery method) and wears off after 3-7 hours
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Why does morphine have a high potential for abuse and addiction?
Patients and addicts will go through withdrawal if the drug is removed from their system
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Morphine withdrawal stage I
6-14 hours after last dose; craving, anxiety, irritability, dysphoria
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Morphine withdrawal stage II
14-18 hours; yawning, mild depression, crying, headaches, "yen sleep"
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Morphine withdrawal stage III
16-24 hours; runny nose, dilated pupils, goosebumps, muscle twitches, inability to regulate temperature, aching bones/muscles, loss of appetite, intestinal cramping
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Morphine withdrawal stage IV
24-36 hours; involuntary leg movements, insomnia, elevated blood pressure and body temperature, tachycardia
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Morphine withdrawal stage V
36-72 hours; fetal position, vomiting, diarrhea, increased WBC count, weight loss between 2 to 5 kg per 24 hours
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Morphine withdrawal stage VI
>72 hours; recovery begins; acute symptoms becoming chronic (mostly psychological); may also involve increased pain sensitivity, hypertension, colitis, weight control problems
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Heroin
Addition of an acetic anhydride or an acetyl chloride to morphine
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Commonly, how is heroine put in the body?
Injected, which creates an instantaneous effect with maximum sensitivity
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The "high" is accompanied by a sense of well-being and drowsiness, which lasts how long?
At least 3-4 hours
80
Thebaine
Unlike other opiates, this creates a stimulatory effect
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Not used therapeutically, but thebaine can be converted into what?
Oxycodone
Oxymorphone
Naloxone
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Created from an opiate with additional chemicals added?
Semi-synthetic opioids
83
Examples of semi-synthetic opioids
Oxycodone
Hydromorphone
Hydrocodone
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Synthetic opioids that do not have natural opiates, but work on the same opioid receptors in the brain so they are included in the category
Demerol
Fentanyl
Dilaudid
Methadone
85
Normally used as an analgesic, ______ is frequently used to detoxify people who have an opioid dependence
methadone
86
Two ways methadone is used as an analgesic?
Methadone Maintenance Treatment
Methadone Reduction Programs
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Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT)
Where a person will always be taking some dose of methadone
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Methadone Reduction Programs
Where a person will reduce their dose of methadone until they are weaned off completely
89
Is addiction to methadone possible?
Yes; this can result in withdrawal and/or overdose
90
While codeine is a natural occurring opiate, it is now frequently synthesized from what?
Morphine
91
Where is codeine frequently found?
In cough medicine; it is used therapeutically for cough, diarrhea, and pain relief
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For pain relief, it is frequently combined with what?
Acetaminophen, aspirin, or an NSAID (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug)
93
As with other opiates, there is the possibility of addiction, withdrawal, and overdose with codeine
The proper way to minimize withdrawal is to gradually reduce medication with the supervision of health care providers
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Hallucinogens
A drug which causes hallucinations, "out of body experiences," and substantial changes in thoughts
95
According to L.E. Hollister and the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the criteria for hallucinogens is what?
In proportion to other effects, changes in thought, perception, and mood should predominate
Intellectual or memory impairment should be minimal
Stupor, narcosis, or excessive stimulation should not be an integral effect
Autonomic nervous system side effects should be minimal
Addictive craving should be absent
96
Examples of Hallucinogens?
LSD, Cannabinoids, Phencyclidine (PCP)
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What is the active hallucinogenic compound in cannabinoids?
Tetrahydrocannabinol or THC
98
Cannabis family
C. sativa
C. indica
C. ruderalis
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Various ways of using cannabinoids?
Marijuana-- smoked or vaporized
Edibles, including tea
Hashish-- resin of cannabis plant
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Medincinal uses of cannabinoids?
Include reduction of excessive of eye pressure in glaucoma, lessening of nausea from anti-cancer drugs, muscle relaxant
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The potency of THC depends on what?
the form of cannabinoid it is prepared as
102
Loose vegetation has an average THC content of ______
3 to 4.5%
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Hashish contains an average THC content of ______
2 to 8%
104
Liquid hashish/hashish oil contains an average THC content of ______
8 to 22%
One drop placed on cigarette
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What kind of dependency do hallucinogens create?
psychological not physical
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Do hallucinogens have a withdrawal syndrome?
No since only a psychological dependency not a physical one
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Common immediate effects of THC
Increased heart rate
Dryness of mouth
Reddening of eyes
Impaired motor skills and concentration
Frequent hunger and increased desire for sweets
108
Longterm effects of THC
Motivational symptoms such as:
Apathy
Impaired judgement, memory, and concentration
Loss of interest in personal appearance and goals
109
Commonly known as LSD, it is a hallucinogenic drug that is derived from ergot?
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
110
Fungus that attacks certain grasses and grains?
Ergot
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What is thought to be one of the causes of the Salem Witch Trials?
Ergot
112
LSD is very potent
25ug causes vivid hallucinations lasting up to 12 hours
113
Effects of LSD?
Mood changes
Anxiety
Tension
114
Prone to flashbacks and psychotic reactions after use is discontinued?
LSD
115
Commonly known as PCP?
Phencyclidine
116
What is a normal dose of PCP?
1-6mg
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Common use of PCP?
smoking
ingesting
sniffing
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Effects of PCP?
Feelings of strength, invulnerability
Dreaming sense of detachment to the point of unresponsive
Confused
Agitated
Depressed
Irritable
Feeling isolated
Audio and visual hallucinations
Paranoia
119
When PCP is combined with LSD or amphetamines, what is it known as?
"Angel dust"
120
How do depressants get their names?
Their depressing action on the Central Nervous System
This includes bradycardia, bradypnea, and eventually loss of consciousness and coma or death
121
Do depressants cause a physical dependence that can involve a withdrawal sickness?
Yes
122
Frequent depressants that are abused are?
Alcohol
Barbiturates
Methaqualone
Tranquilizers
Toluene
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Ethyl alcohol (recreational drinking)
Suppresses the brain's control of thought processes and muscle coordination
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Low dose of ethyl alcohol
Inhibit mental processes of judgement, memory, and concentration
Memory becomes expansive, exudes confidence
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Moderate dose of ethyl alcohol
Reduce coordination
Inhibit orderly thought processes and speech patterns
Slow down reaction times
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Higher doses of ethyl alcohol
Highly irritable and emotional
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Extremely high dose of ethyl alcohol
May lapse into unconsciousness or comatose state
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Also known as "downers"
Barbiturates
~Creates a feeling of well-being, relaxation, and produces sleep
129
The most commonly used barbiturates in medical applications are?
Amobarbital
Secobarbital
Pentobarbital
Butabarbitol (short acting and absorbed fast)
Phenobarbital (long acting and absorbed slowly)
130
Taken orally, average sedative dose for barbiturates?
10-70 mg
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Also known as quaaludes; powerful sedative and muscle relaxant
Non-barbiturate depressant-- Methaqualone
132
Methaqualone was extremely popular in the late 1960s and 1970s, also known as what?
Ludes, sopers/soaps
133
One of the most commonly used recreational drugs in South Africa
Methaqualone
134
Overdose of Methaqualone can cause what?
Delirium
Convulsions
Kidney failure
Coma and/or death
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A lethal dose of Methaqualone?
8000 mg
BUT, with an alcoholic beverage, it is reduced to 2000 mg
136
Produces relaxing tranquility without impairing high-thinking facilities
Tranquilizers
137
Also used to induce sleep, treat anxiety, or relieve tension
Tranquilizers
138
Drugs most commonly used as tranquilizers are?
Reserpine
Chlorpromazine
139
Minor tranquilizers include?
Diazepam (Valium)
Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)
140
Most often solvent used in glue sniffing
Toluene
141
What is glue sniffing?
Form of inhalant abuse which creates a feeling of euphoria and exhilaration
Typically, people who sniff glue will empty the solvent into a plastic bag and then put their face inside, breathing deeply
The solvent can also be heated and then inhaled
It can also be poured onto a rag and the vapors then inhaled
142
The effects of toluene?
Dizziness
Loss of coordination
Speech slurring
Respiratory failure
Drowsiness
Coma
Feeling of being able to "achieve the impossible"
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Substance taken to increase alertness or activity?
Stimulant
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What are stimulants also called?
"Uppers" or "stims" since they stimulate the CNS
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What are stimulants commonly used for in medicine?
Treatment of ADHD
Promote weight loss
Treat Narcolepsy
Aid in smoking cessation
Counteract fatigue
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The common stimulants that are abused are?
Amphetamines
Methamphetamines
Cocaine
147
Synthetic drugs that were discovered in 1887
Amphetamines
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What are amphetamines used to treat?
ADHD and narcolepsy
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For therapeutic reasons, how many mg/day is a normal dosage?
50-20 mg/day
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Side effects of amphetamine abuse?
Hypertension or hypotension
Rayaud's phenomenon
Tachycardia
Abdominal pain
Loss of appetite or nausea
Blurred vision
Dry mouth
Tachypnea
Other gastrointestinal tract issues
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Most severe form of amphetamine abuse stems from what?
IV injections of amphetamine or a chemical derivative, known as methamphetamine or "crank"
152
Methamphetamine
Both used as a euphoriant and aphrodisiac
153
When created illegally, the form is normally known as ________ for its appearance
"crystal meth"
154
Form of methamphetamine which can be smoked and has similar effects to crack cocaine but involves a longer duration
"Ice"
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Once the effects of the "high" wear off, what happens to the users?
Become depressed and often sleep for days
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Chronic users experience what?
Acute psychosis and destructive behavioral
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While there are a number of physical side effects, what is one of the more commonly known ones?
"Meth Mouth"
158
What is "meth mouth"?
This is the loss of teeth due to a combination of dry mouth, teeth grinding, high sugar consumption, and a loss of oral hygiene
159
Plant-derived drug that causes feelings of euphoria, increased energy and confidence?
Cocaine
~The plant is known as the coca plant
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What form of cocaine takes approximately 15 seconds to reach the brain and cause the euphoric effects
Crack
161
High doses of cocaine have toxic effects such as what?
Cardiac arrest
Respiratory arrest
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While there is a psychological dependency, there is no evidence of a ___________ for cocaine
physical dependency
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Category of drugs that include those frequently used by teenagers and young adults at clubs, bars, concerts, and other social events
Club drugs
164
Drugs created in an underground or illegal laboratory
designer drugs
~They have a plant-derived drug as a base and are altered or designed to be more potent or addictive via chemistry
165
Most commonly used club drugs are . . .
MDMA
GHB
Rohypnol
Ketamine
Synthetic cannabinoids
166
Also known as MDMA or Ecstasy?
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
167
A synthetic drug with methamphetamine at its base
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
168
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine causes hallucinogenic effects which include what?
Self-awareness
Decrease of inhibition
169
Physical effects of Methylenedioxymethamphetamine?
Seizures
Muscle breakdown
Stroke
Kidney failure
Cardio-vascular system failure
170
GHB/Rohypnol
Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid is one of the club drugs also known as "date rape drugs"
- It acts as a stimulant and aphrodisiac
- In certain doses, the victim of GHB will become groggy and sleepy, often losing memory
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What has similar characteristics as GHB?
Flunitrazepam also known as Rohypnol since:
Both have the ability to form a physical dependence with withdrawal symptoms
Both can be found in blood or plasma, while Rohypnol metabolites can be found in urine up to 60 days
172
Also known as "Special K"
Ketamine
173
Therapeutically, ketamine is a drug used for what?
Anesthesia, usually in animals
174
Ketamine induces a state which can be described as what?
"Trance-like," which may cause sedation or memory loss
175
Reactions to ketamine include what?
Hallucinations and confusion as well as elevated blood pressure
176
The most dangerous aspect of ketamine?
interactions ketamine has with other sedatives, such as alcohol, opioids, and benzodiazepines
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Designer drugs that do not contain the chemicals in cannabis but produce the same effects?
Synthetic cannabinoids
178
Since synthetic cannabinoids are designer drugs that do not contain the chemicals in cannabis, it complicates things. . .
prevents drug tests from identifying cannabis
HOWEVER, the metabolites of synthetic cannabinoids are detectable in urine tests
179
Synthetic cannabinoids
the chemical is absorbed into a plant-based material and then smoked
Frequently known as herbal incense or herbal smoking blends (Scooby Snacks, K2, Spice)
180
Recently, __________ have been identified as the agent behind psychotic episodes days after recreational use
Synthetic cannabinoids
181
Because of the crude manufacturing, the composition of the drug is ______, as well as the ______ of each compound
unknown; concentration
182
Synthetic compounds chemically related to the male sex hormone testosterone
Anabolic steroids
183
Anabolic steroids are chemicals that promote development on two levels?
Androgen effect-- secondary sex characteristic
Anabolic effect-- muscle growth
184
What are anabolic steroids designed to do?
Minimize the androgenic effect and enhance muscle growth
185
Effects of anabolic steroid abuse includes?
Mood and personality effects
Decreased sex drive
Infertility
Liver disorders
186
Drug Control Laws
The severity of a penalty associated with the manufacture, distribution, and possession of a drug may depend on the weight of the drug or the concentration in a mixture
187
Controlled Substances Act
Created to prevent abuse of drugs
188
Federal law establishes five schedules of classification based upon?
Potential for abuse
Potential for physical and psychological dependence
Medical value
189
Controlled Substances Act-- Schedule 1
The drug has a high potential for abuse
There is no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the US
Lack of accepted safety for use of the drug under medical supervision
Examples:
LSD
Marijuana
Methaqualone (Quaaludes)
190
Controlled Substances Act-- Schedule II
The drug has a high potential for abuse
The drug has a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions
Abuse of the drug may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence
Examples:
Morphine
PCP
Cocaine
Methadone
Methamphetamine
191
Controlled Substances Act-- Schedule III
The drug has less potential for abuse than the drugs in Schedule 1 and II
The drug has a currently accepted medical use in the US
Abuse of the drug may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence
Examples:
Anabolic steroids
Codeine/Hydrocodone with aspirin or Tylenol
Some barbiturates
192
Controlled Substances Act-- Schedule IV
The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse compared to drugs in Schedule III
The drug has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the US
Abuse of the drug may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to Schedule III drugs
Examples:
Talwin (opioid)
Valium
Xanax
193
Controlled Substances Act-- Schedule V
The drug has low potential for abuse relative to the drugs in Schedule IV
The drug has a currently accepted medical in treatment in the US
Abuse of the drug may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to Schedule IV
Examples:
Cough medicine with codeine
194
Two steps to identification of drugs with the forensic setting
Screening tests
Confirmation tests
195
Screening tests
Non-specific, preliminary
Used to reduce possibilities of identification to a smaller number of substances
196
Confirmation tests
Specific
Usually, a single test which will prove the chemical composition of the substance in question
197
Screening test-- Colorimetric tests
Five primary tests:
Marquis
Dillie-Koppanyi
Duquenois-Levine (plus solutions)
Van Urk
Scott Test (plus solutions)
198
Marquis
Turns purple in the presence of opium derivatives
Turns orange-brown in the presence of amphetamines and methamphetamines
199
Dillie-Koppanyi
Turns violet blue in the presence of barbituartes
200
Duquenois-Levine
Turns purple in the presence of THC
201
Van Urk
Turns blue in the presence of LSD
202
Scott Test
Turns blue, pink, and then blue again in the presence of cocaine
203
Screening tests-- Microcrystalline Tests
A specific test which can help identify certain chemicals
A reactant is added which creates specific crystal formations, specific to the drug in question
204
Screening tests-- Chromatography
Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) or Gas Chromatography (GC) separates drugs from their diluents for a tentative identification
205
What is chromatography usually run alongside?
Colorimetric screening tests and/or microcrystalline tests
206
Confirmation tests-- Spectrophotometry
Using the Ultraviolet (UV) or Infrared (IR) regions, the absorption of light by drugs can be graphed and pinpointed to a specific drug
UV is useful for identifying the probable identity and exclude other drugs
IR can specifically identify a substance, but there must be as pure of a composition as possible
207
Confirmation tests-- GC/MS
Combines the power of gas chromatography with the abilities of a mass spectrometer (GC/MS)
With few exceptions, no two substances fragment in the same fashion; therefore, it serves as a "fingerprint" of a chemical substance
