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Pharmo final > Drugs all around > Flashcards

Drugs all around Flashcards

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1
Q

What are sulfonamides and their mechanism?

A

Sulfonamides (e.g., SMZ-TMP [Bactrim, Septra]) stop folic acid production=, bacteria can’t multiply.

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2
Q

What are the clinical uses of sulfonamides?

A

Used in urinary tract infections and some respiratory infections.

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3
Q

What are the side effects of sulfonamides?

A

Allergic reactions, rash, gastrointestinal upset, and potential blood dyscrasias.

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4
Q

What are the classes of β-Lactams?

A

Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Monobactams.

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5
Q

What is the mechanism of β-Lactams?

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins.

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6
Q

What should be checked before administering β-Lactams?

A

Check for penicillin allergies; cross-reactivity can occur between some classes.

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7
Q

What is the mechanism of macrolides?

A

Bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting protein synthesis.

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8
Q

What are the common uses of macrolides?

A

Often prescribed for respiratory and soft tissue infections.

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9
Q

What are the side effects of macrolides?

A

Gastrointestinal disturbances and a risk for QT prolongation.

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10
Q

What is the mechanism of tetracyclines?

A

Bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit, blocking protein synthesis (bacteriostatic).

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11
Q

What are the clinical uses of tetracyclines?

A

Effective for acne, respiratory infections, and certain sexually transmitted infections.

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12
Q

What are the side effects of tetracyclines?

A

Photosensitivity, gastrointestinal upset, and interference with bone growth (particularly in children).

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13
Q

What is the mechanism of aminoglycosides?

A

Bind irreversibly to the 30S subunit causing a misreading of the mRNA; bactericidal.

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14
Q

What are the clinical uses of aminoglycosides?

A

Often reserved for serious gram-negative infections.

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15
Q

What are the side effects of aminoglycosides?

A

Notable for ototoxicity (affecting hearing/balance) and nephrotoxicity; therapeutic drug monitoring is essential.

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16
Q

What is the mechanism of quinolones?

A

Inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, hindering DNA replication.

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17
Q

What are the common uses of quinolones?

A

Broad spectrum, especially in urinary tract and respiratory infections.

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18
Q

What are the side effects of quinolones?

A

Tendonitis, tendon rupture, and possible CNS effects.

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19
Q

What is an example of a miscellaneous antibiotic and its side effect?

A

Vancomycin: Covers gram-positive bacteria (e.g., MRSA) but can cause ‘red man syndrome’ if infused too rapidly.

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20
Q

What is the mechanism of opioid analgesics?

A

Bind to mu receptors in the central nervous system, altering pain perception.

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21
Q

What are the side effects of opioid analgesics?

A

Respiratory depression, constipation, hypotension, and cognitive effects (confusion/sedation).

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22
Q

What is the antidote for opioid overdose?

A

Naloxone (Narcan) is used in opioid overdose situations.

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23
Q

What is the mechanism of nonopioid analgesics?

A

Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis (primarily within the central nervous system) to reduce pain.

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24
Q

What is an example of a nonopioid analgesic and its side effect?

A

Acetaminophen; overdose can lead to hepatotoxicity (elevated AST/ALT, jaundice).

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25
What is the antidote for acetaminophen toxicity?
Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst) is administered in acetaminophen toxicity.
26
What is the role of sedatives?
Assist with relaxation.
27
What is the role of hypnotics?
Assist with sleep, affecting both REM and non-REM sleep cycles.
28
What is the mechanism of barbiturates?
increases the effects of GABA by prolonging the opening of chloride channels.
29
What are the side effects of barbiturates?
Marked respiratory depression, hypotension, and central nervous system (CNS) depression.
30
What is the mechanism of benzodiazepines?
Enhance GABA receptor activity, which depresses the CNS.
31
What are the side effects of benzodiazepines?
Sedation, increased fall risk, and possible dependence.
32
What is the antidote for benzodiazepine overdose?
Flumazenil (Romazicon) can reverse their effects.
33
What is an example of a skeletal muscle relaxant?
Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril); helps relieve muscle spasms, though they can also cause sedation and dizziness.
34
What characterizes Parkinson's Disease (PD)?
Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra leading to an imbalance between dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (ACh).
35
What is the primary treatment for Parkinson's Disease?
Levodopa/carbidopa.
36
What is the function of levodopa?
Crosses the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and converts to dopamine.
37
What is the function of carbidopa?
helps levadopa to pas BBB (helper drug/body guard)
38
What are the side effects of levodopa/carbidopa?
Can include dyskinesias (involuntary movements), hypotension, and nausea.
39
What are key concepts in understanding Diabetes Mellitus (DM)?
Altered carbohydrate metabolism due to issues with β-cell function and insulin secretion/resistance.
40
What are the types of insulin therapy?
Short-acting (Regular), Intermediate-acting (NPH), Long-acting (e.g., Lantus).
41
What is an example of an oral antidiabetic drug and its function?
Metformin: Lowers hepatic glucose production and improves insulin sensitivity.
42
What should patient teaching emphasize regarding diabetes?
Recognition of hypo/hyperglycemia, proper timing and administration, and lifestyle modifications.
43
What are the common classes of antihypertensive medications?
ACE Inhibitors, Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs), β Blockers, α Blockers, αβ Blockers, Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs), Diuretics.
44
What is the mechanism of ACE inhibitors?
Block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, leading to vasodilation and reduced blood volume.
45
What is the mechanism of β Blockers?
Reduce heart rate and contractility.
46
What is the mechanism of diuretics?
Lower blood volume; careful monitoring of blood pressure and electrolyte balance (especially potassium) is necessary.
47
What is the pathophysiology of angina?
Myocardial ischemia due to an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand.
48
What is the mechanism of nitrates?
Dilate coronary vessels and lower preload.
49
What are key points for administering nitrates?
Administered sublingually to avoid first-pass metabolism; monitor for headaches and hypotension, check expiration and proper storage.
50
What are the types of congestive heart failure (CHF)?
Systolic (impaired contractility) vs. Diastolic (impaired relaxation).
51
What is the mechanism of cardiac glycosides?
Increase myocardial contractility (positive inotropic effect) and affect conduction (dromotropic effect).
52
What is a nursing consideration for cardiac glycosides?
Always check the apical pulse (should be >60/min) before administration.
53
What are the side effects of cardiac glycosides?
Bradycardia, arrhythmias, and visual disturbances.
54
What are the key lipid parameters in lipid disorders?
Total cholesterol (TC), Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL), High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL), and Triglycerides (TGD).
55
What is the mechanism of statins?
Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, thereby lowering LDL.
56
What should be monitored when using statins?
Monitor liver enzymes and be aware of rare but serious side effects like rhabdomyolysis.
57
What is an example of a diuretic and its use?
Furosemide (Lasix); used in CHF and HTN.
58
What are the side effects of loop diuretics?
Risk of hypokalemia; ensure regular blood pressure checks and serum potassium monitoring.
59
What is the mechanism of warfarin?
Inhibits vitamin K–dependent clotting factors (II, VII, IX, and X).
60
What should be monitored when using warfarin?
Prothrombin time (PT) and INR.
61
What is the antidote for warfarin?
Vitamin K.
62
What is the mechanism of heparin?
Enhances antithrombin III activity.
63
What should be monitored when using heparin?
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT).
64
What is the antidote for heparin?
Protamine sulfate.
65
What are the classes of respiratory medications?
Bronchodilators, Anti-inflammatory Agents, Other Agents.
66
What is the mechanism of antihistamines?
Block H1 receptors to reduce histamine-mediated allergic reactions.
67
What are the generations of antihistamines?
First Generation: Higher CNS penetration leads to sedation (e.g., diphenhydramine). Second Generation: Less sedating due to minimal BBB crossing (e.g., Allegra, Claritin).
68
What is the mechanism of antacids?
Provide rapid, short-term relief by neutralizing acid.
69
What is an example of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI)?
Pantoprazole (Protonix); provide longer-term acid suppression by irreversibly inhibiting the H⁺/K⁺ ATPase.
70
What should be emphasized for PPI administration?
PPIs are typically taken 30 minutes before meals for optimal effect.
71
What are the classes of antiemetic medications?
Antihistamines, Neuroleptics, Prokinetics, Serotonin (5HT3) Receptor Blockers.
72
What is the pathophysiology of nausea?
Many nausea pathways involve the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ).

Pharmo final (3 decks)

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