Drugs & Cosmetics

Question 1

Melanocytes are

Answer 1

cells that synthesize and eject melanin (pigment)

Question 2

Blood supply for skin situated

Answer 2

in the dermis ends at the base of the epidermis.

Question 3

How the skin is given the colour?

Answer 3

Ejected melanin from melanocytes are taken up by surrounding keratinocytes, the epidermal cells.

Question 4

Exposure to UV light stimulates

Answer 4

melanocytes production and insertion of melanin –> tan.

Question 5

Psoriasis is

Answer 5

immune reaction that causes hyper-proliferation of keratinocyte at the surface of the skin.

Question 6

UVA in skins

Answer 6

better able to penetrate the skin, getting to the base of the dermis.

Question 7

UVB in skins

Answer 7

reaches the epidermis (surface of the skin)

Question 8

What makes less vulnerable to injury due to UV light?

Answer 8

Melanin does protect to some extent (people with darker skin)

Question 9

What makes more vulnerable to injury due to UV light>

Answer 9

light skin, particularly people with freckles.

Question 10

Photoaging is

Answer 10

skin damage by sun.

Question 11

3 different types of cancers due to sun damage:

Answer 11

Basal cell carcinoma
Melanoma (most lethal type)
Squamous cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma + squamous cell carcinoma = commun skin cancer.

Question 12

SPF (sun protective factor) mean

Answer 12

indicate how effective the application will be ( ex. if use SPF 15, you can stay outside 15 more minutes before get sun burn.

Question 13

Problems occurring in acne:

Answer 13

Increase in keratin production (Duck occlusion)
Increase sebum production (block the duck)
Inflammation of sebaceous gland that can rupture
Growth of microorganisms in the duct (release inflammatory mediator)

Question 14

Blackhead is due to

Answer 14

Abnormal keratinocytes (produce excess amount of keratin) + sebum blocking the duct = becoming oxidized and darkening colour.

Question 15

What make change a blackhead to a whitehead (pimple)?

Answer 15

If the trapped sebum is closed over, you can get bacteria and leukocytes.

Question 16

Whitehead is due to

Answer 16

comedo closed with bacterial growth and inflammation with rupture of the follicle (cause the bump)

Question 17

Retinoid roles:

Answer 17

normalize follicular keratinization

Question 18

tx for acne:

Answer 18

retinoids
benzoyl peroxide
isotretinoin
sulfur
azelaic acid

Question 19

Retinoid are

Answer 19

Vit A derivatives

Question 20

Action of Vitamin A

Answer 20

Act as hormones, altering gene expression and play major role in cellular differentiation.

Question 21

Conversion of Vit A:

Answer 21

Retinol–> retinaldehyde–> retinoid acid

Question 22

Retinol enter into the cell by

Answer 22

binding to Retinoic binding protein (RBP) after enter unbind.

Question 23

Retinol to nucleus steps:

Answer 23

Bind to cellular retinol binding protein (CRBP)–> retinol convert to retinoic acid (RA)–> bind to 2e carrier: CRABP–> transport into nucleus. In the nucleus, RA bind to RXR and RAR –> RARE –> gene expression

Question 24

Two retinoic receptors:

Answer 24

RXR and RAR (dimer) (form heterodimer)

Question 25

How retinoic acid turns on gene expression?

Answer 25

Dimer RXR and RAR (retinoic receptor) activated and bind to the retinoic acid response element (RARE).

Question 26

Accutane is

Answer 26

(Isotretinoin) a systemic retinoid. (orally)

Question 27

Contra-indication:

Answer 27

Female who might possibly get pregnant or is pregnant. | TERATOGEN

Question 28

Anti-herpes drugs action:

Answer 28

Inhibit viral reproduction mechanism by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase-->cause chain termination.

Question 29

Antiviral drugs for herpes example:

Answer 29

AcycloGTP

Question 30

The cuticle is

Answer 30

outside layer of the hair (layer of death cells)

Question 31

The cortex is

Answer 31

central part of the hair (microfibril and macrofibril)

Question 32

microfibrils are made up of

Answer 32

protofibrils

Question 33

anagen is

Answer 33

the growth of the hair phase

Question 34

catagen is

Answer 34

transition phase

Question 35

telogen is

Answer 35

the resting phase

Question 36

the normal cycle of hair follicle:

Answer 36

Anagen-->catagen-->telogen-->hair ejected and falls out. | Cycle starts over.

Question 37

Growth and shedding(fall out) of hair peaking in:

Answer 37

summer

Question 38

During pregnancy, hair tend to:

Answer 38

increase (anagen) and shedding tend to decrease. | Pregnancy prevent the follicles from stopping their growth.

Question 39

After delivery, the hair tend to:

Answer 39

lots of hair to fall out bc extra hair follicles in growth phare are immediately go into shedding phase.

Question 40

Curliness of hair is based on the chemistry of hair. The structure:

Answer 40

Hydrogen bonds can form between two adjacent hair shaft, or disulfide bonds (stronger).

Question 41

Getting a ''prem'':

Answer 41

1. breaking disulfide bonds with first chemical 2. re-forming disulfide bonds with second chemical in curly structure position of hair = curly permanet hair!

Question 42

Male pattern baldness:

Answer 42

thick terminal hairs of the head are replaced by fine, vellus hairs. Higher level of 5a reductase--> Increase DHT

Question 43

Why female do not loss all hair with predisposition of balness?

Answer 43

bc less androgen

Question 44

Product for baldness that do work:

Answer 44

Minoxidil | Finasteride (propecia)

Question 45

Minoxidil action:

Answer 45

increase size of the follicle | prolongs the growth phase of the hair (prevent transition into small follicles producing vellus hairs)

Question 46

Finasteride (propecia) action:

Answer 46

Blocks the production of Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

Question 47

Finasteride contra-indication:

Answer 47

Pregnant women --> TERATOGEN for male fetuses

Question 48

Tetracyclines effect on teeth?

Answer 48

Discoloration

Question 49

Hydroxyapatite is

Answer 49

crystal structure in enamel (surface part of teeth)

Question 50

Fluoride effect:

Answer 50

enter the hydroxyapatite to change it and produce fluoroapatite.

Question 51

Fluoroapatite advantages

Answer 51

more resistant to acid in plaque | More resistant to substances released by bacteria

Question 52

Dental fluorosis is

Answer 52

white spot in theeth, harmless

Question 53

Gingivitis can be tx with

Answer 53

mouthwash (phenols as active ingredient)