Vitamins

Question 1

Vitamins are

Answer 1

organic compound

NOT synthesized in the body

Question 2

Fat soluble vitamins:

Answer 2

Vitamins A.D.E.K

Question 3

Water soluble

Answer 3

Vitamins B.C

Question 4

Precursor of Vit A

Answer 4

beta-carotene

Question 5

Retinol dehydrogenase

Answer 5

convert retinol into retinal/retinaldehyde

Question 6

Retinal dehydrogenase

Answer 6

convert retinal into retinoic acid

Question 7

Benefit of vit A:

Answer 7

Vision and retina, skin, mucous, teeth and skeletal

Question 8

Retinal (aldehyde) are into 2 forms:

Answer 8

cis and trans

Question 9

Exposure of light/photons alter

Answer 9

structure of retinal (cis–>trans-retinal)

isomerize/change structure

Question 10

Photoreceptor of the eyes

Answer 10

rods and cones

Question 11

Rodds and cones interact with

where

Answer 11

the bipolar layer’s cells

In the outer plexiform layer

Question 12

The bipolar layer communicate with the the ganglion cells in

Answer 12

the inner plexiform layer

Question 13

Rods cells responsible to

Answer 13

dim light, black and white vision (Dark adaptation)

Question 14

in the rod cells disks, it contain:

Answer 14

Rhodopsin

Question 15

Rhodopsin is made of

Answer 15

retinal and opsin

Question 16

Light cause a

Answer 16

disrupture of the link of retinal to opsin.

Question 17

Rhodopsin is which type of receptor:

Answer 17

GPCR

Question 18

When retinal detach from opsin, it activating the secondary messenger system (GPCR mechanism).
The end result of the messenger:

Answer 18

Closure of Na channels –> Cell hyperpolarization

Question 19

Rod cell normal function is to

Answer 19

inhibit bipolar cells

Question 20

Hyperpolarization of rod cell result in

Answer 20

less inhibition = stimulation of ganglion cells = allowed vision in dark.

Question 21

Lack of retinal in the eye:

Answer 21

No retinal to detach from opsin= no 2e messenger= no configuration change.

Question 22

Deficiency of Vit. A:

Answer 22

Abnormal function epithelial cells
Impaired immune response
Blindness

Question 23

Vit D make by skin: UV light react with

Answer 23

7-dehydrocholesterol (an enzyme) —> Vit D3 (Cholecalciferol)

Question 24

Cholecalciferol (vit D3) is

Answer 24

inactive

Prohormone/provitamin

Question 25

Liver convert in active form by hydroxylation Vit D3 in:

Answer 25

25-hydroxyvitamin D3

Question 26

Kidney convert in active form by hydroxylation Vit D3 in:

Answer 26

1,25-dihydrovitamin D3 (metabolite form/active form)

Question 27

The metabolite (Vit D) binds to

Answer 27

Vit D receptor (VDR) --> heterodimerizes with retinoid X receptor (RXR) --> VDRE --> transcriptional

Question 28

Vit D upregulate: (4)

Answer 28

Calbindins (bind Calcium in GIT for absorption) Bone matrix proteins (bone strength) Osteoblast regulation (synthesize bone) Synthesis of Type I collagen in bones

Question 29

Vit D downregulate: (1)

Answer 29

Parathyroid hormone --> decrease calcium resorption from bones.

Question 30

Rickets condition related to:

Answer 30

Deficiency of Vit D --> Weakening and softening of the bones brought by extreme calcium loss

Question 31

Kiphotic spine is

Answer 31

bending/curvature in the spine (vertebral collase)

Question 32

Dark skin people are at risk of Vit D deficiency bc

Answer 32

They have less sunlight penetrating through the melanin protection

Question 33

Non-classical actions of vit D:

Answer 33

anti-hypertensive, Anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory | deficiency of vit D increase risk of cardiovasc disease/heart attack

Question 34

Vitamin E is

Answer 34

mixture of antioxidants and free radical scavengers

Question 35

Benefits of vit E

Answer 35

Protect cell membrane and tissues from damage by oxidation, aids formation RBC and use of vit K

Question 36

Vit E deciciency:

Answer 36

Neurological damage, hemolytic anemia.

Question 37

Vit K is made by:

Answer 37

intestinal bacteria

Question 38

Vitamin C (also know as:)

Answer 38

ascorbic acid

Question 39

Precursor of vit C (3-ketol-L-glulonolacgone) can be convert into L-ascorbic acid bc

Answer 39

Enzyme required to convert is not present in human.

Question 40

Why do we need vit C:

Answer 40

bc we dont have the enzyme required to convert the precursor of vit C into L-ascorbic acid.

Question 41

VIt C is

Answer 41

antioxydant (act as electron donor)

Question 42

Vit C benefits

Answer 42

Collagen synthesis

Question 43

Free radicals end result:

Answer 43

DNA damage

Question 44

Why Vit C cannot be stored?

Answer 44

Bc Vit C in blood is not protein bound (water-soluble vitamins)

Question 45

Vit B1 (Thiamine) benefits

Answer 45

Help convert food into energy and aid cardiovasc syst and CNS

Question 46

Thiamine deficiency:

Answer 46

Beriberi

Question 47

Vit B3 other name

Answer 47

Niacin

Question 48

Vit B3 deficiency:

Answer 48

Pellagra

Question 49

Pellagra symptoms is

Answer 49

3Ds: Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia

Question 50

Vit B9 other name

Answer 50

folate

Question 51

Folate is essential for

Answer 51

synthesis of DNA

Question 52

Folate deficiency

Answer 52

Affect Purine and pyrimidine synthesis (Nucleotide synthesis--> DNA)

Question 53

Folate deficiency

Answer 53

magaloblastic anemia | Fetal malformation

Question 54

Vit B12 will bind to

Answer 54

Intrinsic factor

Question 55

B12-IF complex is release into

Answer 55

the intestine

Question 56

COndition related to the unability to synthesize Intrinsic Factor (IF):

Answer 56

Pernicious anemia

Question 57

Vit K is necessary for:

Answer 57

the synthesis of thrombin (prothrombin precursor into prothrombin)