Drugs/Drug Classes

Question 1

Morphine

Answer 1

Acts directly on the CNS
Opiate
Pain relief

Question 2

Heroin

Answer 2

Opiate drug
Euphoric effects
Pain relief

Question 3

Acetylsalicylic acid

Answer 3

Binds to cyclooxyrgenase. COX produces lipid mediators which promote inflammation, fever and pain

Question 4

Pilocarpine

Answer 4

Eye drops used to treat glaucoma

Partial agonist of ACh receptors so decreases HR

Question 5

Atropine

Answer 5

ACh antagonist - Muscarinic

• inhibits secretion
• smoooth muscle relaxant
• pupillary dilation
• increase body temperature

Question 6

Nicotine

Answer 6

ACh agonist - Nicotinic

Question 7

Tubocurarine

Answer 7

Blocks nicotinic ACh receptors

Found in poison arrow frogs

Question 8

GABA

Answer 8

Glutamate —> GABA (uses glutamate decarboxylase)

Most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult brain

Question 9

Phenobarbitone

Answer 9

Activates GABAA receptors (ionotropic)

- reduces AP firing and inhibits membrane depolarisation

Question 10

Picrotoxin

Answer 10

Antagonist of GABA receptors

Question 11

Lignocaine

Answer 11

Binds to Na+ channels –> reduces AP firing –> decreased sensation of pain

Question 12

Apamin

Answer 12

Binds to SK (small conductance calcium-activated K+) channels
SK channels are responsible for hyper polarisation so once bound increases frequency of APs
Increased pain

Question 13

Dihydropyridines e.g. nifedipine

Answer 13

Binds to Ca2+ channels found in smooth muscle cells and cardiac muscle
Inhibiting Ca2+ entry so relaxes muscle
Used to treat hypertension

Question 14

Pargyline, Clorgyline

Answer 14

Bind to monoamine oxidase (MAO)
MAO responsible for the breakdown of neurotransmitters
So increased [neurotransmitter] so they act longer
Used to treat depression

Question 15

Fluoxetine

Answer 15

Binds to serotonin transporter in the brain
Serotonin reuptake inhibited so serotonin acts longer
Used to treat depression

Question 16

Digoxin

Answer 16

Binds to Na+ transporter that transports Na+ out the heart
Na+ builds up in the heart
Another transporter exchanges Na+ for Ca2+ so increased Ca2+ –> increased contractions

Question 17

Metformin

Answer 17

Used to treat type 2 diabetes
Oral hypoglycaemic agent in the biguanide group
Lowers glucose synthesis
Doesn’t cause hypoglycaemia but prevent hyperglycaemia

Question 18

Insulin

Answer 18

Released by ß cells of the islets of Langerhan

Lowers blood glucose concentration

Question 19

Thyroxine

Answer 19

Needed for proper development of the brain
Stimulates
- protein synthesis
- increase use of glucose and free fatty acids for ATP production
- increased lipolysis

Question 20

Iodine

Answer 20

Thyroid gland takes iodine from foods and converts into thyroid hormones triiodothyronine and thyroxine

Question 21

Muscarine

Answer 21

ACh agonist - Muscarinic
Decreases bp, increases saliva/tear flow/sweating, ab pain
Death from cardiac and respiratory failure

Question 22

Sildenafil

Answer 22

Viagra

Potentiates NO action –> treats erectile dysfunction

Question 23

Adrenaline

Answer 23

Adrenergic receptor agonist
α1 - Stimulates phospholipase C
α2 - Inhibits adenylate cyclase
ß receptors
BP increases
Dilates bronchi
Potent vasopressor
Treats anaphylactic shock

Question 24

Salbutamol

Answer 24

adrenergic ß2 selective agonist
Treat asthma
Targets bronchiole smooth muscle

Question 25

ß3 selective adrenergic agonists

Answer 25

Receptors found on adipocytes, when activated, adipolysis | May help weight loss

Question 26

Propranolol

Answer 26

ß1 selective adrenergic antagonist (ß blocker) | Treat angina

Question 27

Atenolol

Answer 27

ß1 selective adrenergic antagonist (ß blocker) | Treat angina

Question 28

ACE inhibitors

Answer 28

Angiotensinogen ---> Angiotensin I ---> Angiotensin II Binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme Angiotensin I ---/ Angiotensin II

Question 29

Phenylephrine

Answer 29

α1 adrenergic receptor agonist | Nasal decongestant, dilates pupils

Question 30

Dobutamine

Answer 30

ß1 adrenergic agonist | Treats hypotension

Question 31

Prazosin

Answer 31

α1 adrenergic receptor antagonist | Treats hypertension, PTSD etc.

Question 32

Verapamil

Answer 32

Ca2+ channel blocker | Treat hypertension and angina

Question 33

Terbutaline

Answer 33

β2 adrenergic receptor agonist | Bronchodilator

Question 34

Furosemide

Answer 34

``` Loop diuretic Increases urine flow rate Inhibits sodium reabsorption --> Inhibits H2O reabsorption Treat high bp Side effects: Bartter's-like symptoms ```

Question 35

Bumetanide

Answer 35

``` Loop diuretic Increases urine flow rate Inhibits sodium reabsorption --> Inhibits H2O reabsorption Treat high bp Side effects: Bartter's-like symptoms ```

Question 36

Chlorothiazide

Answer 36

Thiazide diuretic Treat high BP Side effects: Gitelman's-like symptoms Acts on early distal tubule

Question 37

Amiloride

Answer 37

Potassium-sparing diureitc Acts on distal tubule and collecting duct Blocks ENaC Treats high BP

Question 38

Progesterone-only pill

Answer 38

Oral contraception

Question 39

Cortisol

Answer 39

Reduce inflammation

Question 40

Clomiphene citrate

Answer 40

Oestrogen antagonist Treatment for an ovulation and IVF Body produces more oestrogen to compensate

Question 41

Botulinum toxin

Answer 41

Stops release of ACh from axon endings at neuromuscular junctions

Question 42

Cimetidine

Answer 42

Treats and prevents ulcers of the stomach and small intestine. Treat acid reflux

Question 43

Ranitidine

Answer 43

Histamine-2 blockers | Reduces amount of acid produced by the stomach

Question 44

Omeprazole

Answer 44

Reduces amount of acid produced by the stomach

Question 45

Triple therapy; amoxicillin, clarithromycin and PPI

Answer 45

Treat peptic ulcers caused by helicobacter pylori