Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

What is the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 1

A set of control mechanisms the body has. It is “self-governing”

Question 2

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 2

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 3

Give an example of an organ that has dual innervation and exhibits antagonistic control

Answer 3

The Heart

Question 4

Give an example of when the sympathetic and parasympathetic system work together

Answer 4

Sexual function
parasympathetic - erection
sympathetic - ejaculation

Question 5

Sweat glands and blood vessel smooth muscle are almost only innervated by __________ stimulation

Answer 5

Sympathetic

Question 6

Sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation: pupillary dilation?

Answer 6

Sympathetic

Question 7

Sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation: bronchodilation?

Answer 7

Sympathetic

Question 8

Sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation: vasoconstriction in skin and viscera?

Answer 8

Sympathetic

Question 9

Sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation: vasodilation in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle?

Answer 9

Sympathetic

Question 10

Sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation: glycogenolysis is stimulated?

Answer 10

Sympathetic

Question 11

Sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation: pupillary constriction?

Answer 11

Parasympathetic

Question 12

Sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation: promotes secretion?

Answer 12

Parasympathetic

Question 13

Sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation: defecation and urination?

Answer 13

Parasympathetic

Question 14

What are the most common types of receptors found in the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 14

Adrenergic receptors

Question 15

Are adrenergic receptors inhibitory or excitatory?

Answer 15

Can have either effect depending on type of receptor and signalling pathway

Question 16

Give 2 examples of agonists of the adrenergic system

Answer 16

• Adrenaline

- Salbutamol

Question 17

Which receptors are activated by adrenaline?

Answer 17

α and ß receptors

Question 18

What are the effects of adrenaline binding to α and ß receptors?

Answer 18

• BP increases

- Dilates bronchi

Question 19

What is adrenaline used for clinically?

Answer 19

Anaphylactic shock - epipen

Question 20

What else could be used in place of adrenaline?

Answer 20

Cocaine and amphetamines

Question 21

Which receptors does salbutamol bind to?

Answer 21

ß2

Question 22

What is the clinical application of salbutamol?

Answer 22

Treat asthma as predominantly targets bronchiole smooth muscle

Question 23

What is used as a ß1 antagonist in the adrenergic system?

Answer 23

ß1 - selective antagonists (ß-blockers)

Question 24

What is the clinical application of ß2 antagonists in the adrenergic system?

Answer 24

No clinical use

Question 25

What kind of receptors does acetylcholine bind to

Answer 25

Muscarinic receptors and nicotinic receptors

Question 26

Give 2 examples of cholinergic agonists other than acetylcholine

Answer 26

- Muscarine - Pilocarpine Both bind to muscarinic receptors

Question 27

What are the effects of muscarine?

Answer 27

- Decrease BP - Increase saliva/tear flow/sweating - Abdominal pain - --> death from cardiac and respiratory failure

Question 28

What is pilocarpine used for?

Answer 28

Eye drops, to treat glaucoma

Question 29

Give 2 examples of cholinergic antagonists and which receptors they bind to

Answer 29

- Atropine: muscarinic | - Curare: nicotinic

Question 30

What are the effects of atropine?

Answer 30

- Inhibition of secretion - Smooth muscle relaxant - Pupillary dilation - Increase body temp.

Question 31

Give examples of non-adrenergic, non- cholinergic "NANC" neurotransmitters

Answer 31

- Substance P - Nitric oxide - ATP - VIP

Question 32

What is nitric oxide produced by and where?

Answer 32

Produced by nitric oxide synthase in both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurones

Question 33

What does nitric oxide activate?

Answer 33

cGMP

Question 34

What does sildenafil do? What is it used for?

Answer 34

Pontentiates nitric oxide action. Used for erectile dysfunction

Question 35

What is the effect of adrenaline binding to α1 receptors?

Answer 35

Stimulates phospholipase C

Question 36

What is the effect of adrenaline binding to α2 receptors?

Answer 36

Inhibits adenylate cyclase

Question 37

What kind of adrenergic receptors are found on adipocytes?

Answer 37

ß3

Question 38

Where can ß3 adrenergic receptors be found?

Answer 38

On adipocytes

Question 39

How come pilocarpine decreases heart rate?

Answer 39

Partial ACh agonist