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Human Disease and Therapeutics > Drugs - Midterm 3 > Flashcards

Drugs - Midterm 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Tamoxifen

A
  • partial estrogen antagonist
  • blocks the actions of estrogen in the breast
  • used to treat breast cancers
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2
Q

Mifepristone

A
  • morning-after contraception
  • blocks progesterone and glucocorticoid receptors (99% effective if used within 3 days)
  • prevents implantation of the fetus
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3
Q

Danazol

A
  • suppresses ovarian function

- has a masculinizing effect

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4
Q

Clomiphene

A
  • “Clomid”
  • partial estrogen agonist
  • ovulation-inducing
  • promotes fertilization and pregnancy
  • increased risk of multiple births (twins)
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5
Q

ketoconazole

A
  • antifungal drug
  • inhibits steroid synthesis
  • used to treat prostate carcinoma in males
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6
Q

oxytocin

A
  • induces/augments labor
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7
Q

metoclopramide

A
  • dopamine D2 receptor antagonist that stimulates prolactin and lactation
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8
Q

aspirin

A
  • NSAID

- non selective COX 1/2 inhibitor

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9
Q

ibuprofen

A
  • NSAID

- non selective COX 1/2 inhibitor

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10
Q

naproxen

A
  • NSAID

- non selective COX 1/2 inhibitor

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11
Q

celecoxib

A
  • NSAID

- selective COX 2 inhibitor

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12
Q

adverse effects of all NSAIDs

A
  • CNS (tinnitus)
  • CVS (hypertension)
  • GI (nausea, ulcers, bleeding)
  • Hepatic (altered liver functions)
  • Pulmonary (asthma)
  • Skin (rashes)
  • Renal (insufficiency, and failure in sever cases)
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13
Q

uses of NSAIDs

A
  • decrease pain and inflammation
  • COX 1 inhibition (GI, bleeding, and kidney side effects)
  • COX 2 inhibition (MI, stroke, and hypertension side effects)
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14
Q

uses and side effects of glucocorticoids

A
  • rapidly acting, dramatic effect on inflammation, slows bone erosions, and treats rheumatoid arthritis
  • side effects: loss of muscle mass, osteoporosis, diabetogenesis, peptic ulcers, round face, buffalo hump
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15
Q

dexamethasone

A
  • glucocorticoid (long acting)
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16
Q

cortisone

A
  • short to medium acting glucocorticoid
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17
Q

prednisone

A
  • short to medium acting glucocorticoid
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18
Q

uses and side effects of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)

A
  • decrease inflammation and slow bone damage in rheumatoid arthritis
  • potentially more toxic than other options
  • sever hepatotoxicity
  • stomatitis
  • immunosuppression
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19
Q

methotrexate

A
  • DMARD
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20
Q

sulfasalazine

A
  • DMARD
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21
Q

etanercept

A
  • DMARD
  • anti-rheumatic/anti-autoimmune disease
  • inhibits inflammation by blocking TNF
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22
Q

infliximab

A
  • DMARD
  • antibody that blocks TNF
  • used to treat inflammatory diseases
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23
Q

salicylic acid (for acne)

A
  • topical keratolytic
  • removes keratin layer and opens sebaceous glands
  • can be used as wart removers
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24
Q

benzoyl peroxide

A
  • topical keratolytic
  • removes keratin layer and opens sebaceous glands
  • can be used as wart removers
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25
erythromycin
- antibiotic - used for acne; eliminates the bacteria that cause the infection and inflammation associated with acne - can be topical or systemic; drugs concentrate in the skin
26
tetracycline
- antibiotic - used for acne; eliminates the bacteria that cause the infection and inflammation associated with acne - can be topical or systemic; drugs concentrate in the skin
27
clindamycin
- antibiotic - used for acne; eliminates the bacteria that cause the infection and inflammation associated with acne - can be topical or systemic; drugs concentrate in the skin
28
Retinoids
- Vitamin A derivatives | - side effects: dry skin, sores
29
Tretinoin
- topical retin A | - Vitamin A derivative
30
isotretinoin
- "Accutane" - systemic - side effects: dry skin, sores, major birth defects**
31
non-drug treatments for acne
- UV phototherapy (acne-causing bacteria are photosensitive)
32
Antispasmolytics
- muscle relaxants - reduce muscle stretch reflex - enhance levels of inhibition, usually via GABA systems in CNS
33
Diazepam
- can be used as a muscle relaxant
34
Baclofen
- muscle relaxant | - GABA B agonist
35
Dantrolene
- muscle relaxant | - affects Ca2+ trafficking
36
Carisoprodol
- "Soma" - muscle relaxant/sedative - may have some dependence problems
37
D-turbocurarine
- non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker - blocks ganglionic nicotinic receptor - reversed by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
38
succinylcholine
- depolarizing neuromuscular blocker - blocks ganglionic nicotinic receptors by desensitizing/overstimulating them? - fast acting (get an initial twitch before paralysis - NOT reversed by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
39
acyclovir
- "Zovirax", "Denavir" ointments - viral thymidine kinase-dependent medication (some viruses are becoming resistant) - most effective for HSV 1 and 2 - less effective for VZV - most effective if used early in infection - some topical forms available
40
famciclovir
- effective against VZV virus and shingles, also for herpes viruses - longer acting than acyclovir - most effective if used early in infection
41
foscarnet
- non-thymidine kinase dependent (less resistance issues)
42
magnesium salts
- antacid (neutralizes gastric HCl) | - can cause diarrhea
43
bicarbonate
- antacid | - can cause gas
44
calcium carbonate
- antacid - can cause constipation - is chalky
45
aluminum salts
- antacid | - not very effective
46
H2 receptor blockers
- not effective at H1 receptors | - reduce gastric secretions
47
Cimetidine
- "Tagamet" - H2 blocker - tx of GERD
48
Ranitidine
- "Zantac" - H2 blocker - tx of GERD
49
Famotidine
- Pepcid - H2 blocker - tx of GERD
50
Proton pump inhibitors
- disrupts hydrogen exchange for potassium in gastric parietal cells which blocks the production and release of HCl into the gut - side effects: diarrhea, interferes with digestion, increases food allergies, oral sores/ulcers - often combined with H2 blockers or with antacids
51
Omeprazole
- "Prilosec" | - proton pump inhibitor
52
Lansoprazole
- "Prevocid" | - proton pump inhibitor
53
Esomeprazole
- "Nexium" | - proton pump inhibitor
54
Prevpac
- combination of lansoprazole (PPI) and antibiotics (amoxicillin and clarithromycin) - used to treat peptic ulcer disease caused by H. pylori infection
55
Milk of Magnesium
- can kill H. pylori and be used to treat corresponding peptic ulcer disease
56
bisacodyl
- laxative (tx of constipation) - stimulant of smooth muscles in the gut (can cause cramps) - fast acting - OTC - suppository or oral administraitons
57
docusate
- causes more water retention in the stool (softens the stool) - OTC ("Dulcolax")
58
loperamine
- "Immodium" - tx of diarrhea - mild opioid agonist
59
bismuth subsalicylate
- "Pepto-bismol" | - tx of diarrhea
60
atropine (for GI issues)
- tx of diarrhea | - anti-cholinergic that slows intestinal motility
61
linaclotide
- "linzess" - only FDA approved drug for treatment of IBS with constipation - guanylate cyclase C agonist that cuases increased bowel movement and fluid secretion to reduce pain - side effects: diarrhea and gas
62
mesalamine
- topical anti-inflammatory for treatment of IBD (i.e. Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis) - corticosteroids may be used systemically to treat IBD
63
metronidazole (for GI issues)
- used to treat Crohn's disease/IBD/ulcerative colitis | - may have a mechanism that affects the flora of the gut
64
pilocarpine
- cholinomimetic drug that causes contraction of the ciliary muscle of the eye - increases outflow of aqueous humor (tx of glaucoma)
65
timolol
- beta blocker | - decreases aqueous humor production (tx of glaucoma)
66
lantanoprost
- prostaglandin | - increases outflow of aqueous humor (tx of glaucoma)
67
epinephrine
- alpha agonist | - increases outflow and decreases production of aqueous humor (tx of glaucoma)
68
acetazolamide
- carbonic anhydrase inhibitor | - reduces the secretion of aqueous humor (tx of glaucoma)
69
pharmacological options of macular degeneration
- vit. C or zinc oxide (antioxidants) | - benefit is minimal
70
meclizine
- "Antivert" - H1 blocker, anti-cholinergic activity, CNS depressant - anti-motion sickness medication used in tx of Meniere's disease - can cause xerostomia
71
diazepam
- anxiolytic
72
promethazine
- H1 blocker, anti-cholinergic - anti-nausea, anti-motion sickness - can cause xerostomia
73
dexamethasone (for ear issues)
- tx of Meniere's disease | - long-acting steroid
74
hydrochlorthiazide
- diuretic - regulates fluid volume and pressure in the inner ear - tx of Meniere's disease
75
treatment of otitis media
- antibiotics (amoxicillin, amoxicillin + clavulanate, or ceftriaxone)
76
cyclophosphamides
- alkylating agents used to treat cancers - used to treat lymphomas (Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's), leukemias, breast cancers, and multiple myeloma - causes alkylations of the DNA - adverse effects: nausea/vomiting, damage to rapidly growing tissues (bone marrow, GI tract, oral mucosa), carcinogenic in nature
77
Procarbazine
- nitrosurea (the metabolites are alkylating agents) - highly lipophilic (can cross the BBB) - used with Decarbazine to treat Hodgkin's lymphoma
78
Decarbazine
- nitrosurea (the metabolites are alkylating agents) - highly lipophilic (can cross the BBB) - tx of melanomas, lymphomas, and soft tissue sarcomas
79
Cisplatin
- platinum analog for tx of cancers | - used for a broad range of solid tumors
80
Methotrexate
- antimetabolite used to treat cancers and rheumatoid arthritis - folic acid analog (interferes with formation of DNA and key proteins; inhibits tetrahydrofolate - tx of head and neck cancers, breast cancer - can cause mucositis and diarrhea
81
5-fluorouracil
- antimetabolite used to treat cancers (head, neck and GI cancers; also good for basal cell carcinoma) - inhibits thymidine synthesis
82
Vinblastine or Vincristine
- vinca alkaloids (natural chemotherapeutic agents) - inhibits tubulin polymerization to inhibit cell division --> tumor cells die - toxicities: mucositis and alopecia
83
Etoposide
- semisynthetic chemotherapeutic agent from the mandrake plant - inhibits topoisomerase II which interferes with DNA structuring
84
doxorubicin or bleomycin
- anthacyclines (anti-tumor antibiotics) | - used to treat breast cancer and Hodgkin's lymphoma
85
Erlotineb
- antagonize epidermal growth factor receptors | - tx of cancer
86
Imatinib
- "Gleevac" - inhibits oncogenes - blocks a form of tyrosine kinase enzyme - tx of chronic myeloid leukemia - "great story"

Human Disease and Therapeutics (11 decks)

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