DSA

Question 1

How do you denote out of capillary movement or into capillary movement

Answer 1

Filtration is out of capillary and is a positive numer; move into capillary is absorption and a negative

Question 2

What is a pressure formula for CO

Answer 2

CO= (Pa-Pv)/TPR

Question 3

Systemic circulation is model through what type of resistance

Answer 3

Parallel

Question 4

Reynolds number greater than what gives turbulent flow

Answer 4

2000; Nr=densitydiametervelocity/viscosity

Question 5

What does turbulent flow lead to

Answer 5

Sounds (bruits) and lesions (arteriosclerosis)

Question 6

What is a common increase in pulse pressure; decrease

Answer 6

Arteriosclerosis; aortic stenosis

Question 7

How do we estimate LA pressure

Answer 7

Pulmonary wedge pressure

Question 8

What causes active hyperemia

Answer 8

Increases in CO2, H+, K+, lactate, or adenosine

Decreases in O2

Question 9

Shear is related to the release of what

Answer 9

NO

Question 10

What are our main vasodilators

Answer 10

Histamine and bradykinin

Question 11

What does serotonin cause

Answer 11

Vasoconstriction in response to tissue damage

Question 12

What systems are largely under metabolic control

Answer 12

Brain and coronary

Question 13

What parasympathetic receptor decreases heart rate? Sympathetic that increases it

Answer 13

M2; β1

Question 14

Increased stretch causes an increase/decrease in baroreceptors

Answer 14

Increase

Question 15

Where is renin secreted from in response to what change in BP

Answer 15

Kidney; drop in BP

Question 16

Where is aldosterone secreted from

Answer 16

Adrenal cortex

Question 17

What does angiotensin II bind to

Answer 17

AT1 channels

Question 18

What do natriuretic peptides do

Answer 18

Arterial dilation - decreases TPR
Increases fluid loss - decreases preload
Inhibits renin - decreases both TPR and preload

Question 19

What is the cushing reflex

Answer 19

Hypertension, bradycardia, irregular respiration

Question 20

What are multiunit SM? Where are they found

Answer 20

SM that are individually innervated; ciliary muscles of eye, iris, and piloerector muscles

Question 21

What are unitary SM? Where are they found?

Answer 21

They are SM that allow them to contract together (in unison)

GI tract, bile ducts, uterus

Question 22

SM are slower/faster than skeletal muscles

Answer 22

Slower; they use the latch mechanism

Question 23

Do SM generate more/less force than skeletal muscles

Answer 23

More force because cross bridges are up longer

Question 24

Where does SM bind calcium during contraction

Answer 24

Calmodulin

Question 25

What does calmodulin activate

Answer 25

Myosin light chain kinase

Question 26

What functions to stop SM contraction

Answer 26

Myosin light chain phosphatase

Question 27

What portion of neurons innervate SM

Answer 27

Varicosities; they are bulge sites

Question 28

What do platelets secrete that we care about

Answer 28

thromboxane A2 and 5HT (serotonin) These are vasocontrictors

Question 29

What chemicals relate to the vasospasm

Answer 29

Thromboxane A2 and serotonin

Question 30

How do we form a platelet plug

Answer 30

Activate vWF that initiates binding of collagen to platelets binding of platelet receptor to collagen

Question 31

What happens during platelet activation

Answer 31

Platelet swells, extends podocytes, contracts, and secretes thromboxane A2 and ADP

Question 32

What causes blood coagulation

Answer 32

Activation of thrombin - which generates fibrin and fibrin polymerizes Prothrombin activator activates thrombin

Question 33

What causes clot retraction (contraction)

Answer 33

Fibrin stabilizing factor It also requires calcium ions

Question 34

What causes repair of vessel wall damage

Answer 34

Platelet-derived GF

Question 35

What is responsible for the lysis of clots

Answer 35

Plasmin which must be activated from plasminogen t-PA inhibitor normally doesn’t allow this but thrombin activates protein C which inactivates t-PA inhibitor

Question 36

What are some clot inhibitors

Answer 36

Fibrin - inhibits thrombin Prostacyclin - made by injured endothelial cells, vasodilation, limits platelet aggregation Antithrombin III - when bound to thrombin it is an anticoagulant Heparin - derived from mast cells, increases antithrombin efficacy

Question 37

What factors require Vit K

Answer 37

II, VII, IX, X

Question 38

What does Factor VII’s half life

Answer 38

4-6 h

Question 39

What does PT measure

Answer 39

Extrinsic pathway

Question 40

What does PTT measure

Answer 40

Intrinsic pathway

Question 41

What is primary hemostasis? Secondary?

Answer 41

Initial formation of a clot; reinforcement of the clot

Question 42

How does Warfarin work

Answer 42

Decreasing activity of Vit K dependent epoxide reductase

Question 43

Vit K is a cofactor in synthesizing factors

Answer 43

II, VII, IX, X, Protein S and C

Question 44

What deficiency causes an increased risk of venous thrombosus

Answer 44

Protein C

Question 45

What is hemophilia A

Answer 45

Defect in intrinsic pathway (Factor 8)

Question 46

What can we use to make Glycerol 3 P

Answer 46

DHAP via glycolsis And glycerol kinase (which fat doesn’t have)

Question 47

What enzyme do intestinal cells use to make fat

Answer 47

Fatty acyl coa synthetase

Question 48

What increases hormone sensitive lipase activity? Decreases

Answer 48

Glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine Insulin

Question 49

What is the MoA of hormone sensitive lipase

Answer 49

GPCR -> AC ->PKA

Question 50

Niacin can be used to help do what

Answer 50

Decrease LDL and increase HDL

Question 51

What is type I hyperlipoproteinemia

Answer 51

Familial hyperchylomicronemia (increase in chylomicrons and triacylglycerol)

Question 52

What is type 2a/b

Answer 52

Familial hypercholesterolemia Cholesterol increased Triacylglycerol increased LDL increased VLDL increased

Question 53

What is the MoA of Type II hyperlipoproteinemia

Answer 53

Defects in uptake of LDL via LDL receptor This causes increased cholesterol in blood and subsequent atherosclerosis