DSA - Intro to Immunology

Question 1

Antigen

Answer 1

Ags
foreign or “non-self” materials in the body (cells, proteins, DNA, etc.) that trigger an immune response after being recognized by immune cell receptors

Question 2

Epitope

Answer 2

The part of an antigen molecule where the antibody attaches

Question 3

Antibodies

Answer 3

Name: Abs, immunoglobulins (from globulin family of proteins)
-Proteins that circulate in the body after an infection or immunization

Question 4

Humoral immunity

Answer 4

• Part of the immune system that concerns macromolecules in the body fluids (humoral system) and the immune role they play
• Includes secreted antibodies and proteins

Question 5

Koch, Ehrlich and Metchnikoff

Answer 5

Koch – discovered anthrax
Ehrlich — discovered that immune cells can secrete receptors and coined term ANTIBODY
Metchnikoff — Founded idea of Cellular Theory of Immunity; discovered phagocytes

Question 6

Difference between the primary and secondary immune response

Answer 6

First response — first exposure to an antigen

Secondary response – second exposure, stronger and better response from body due to familiarity

Question 7

Memory Cells

Answer 7

• Created following a primary immune response and are activated after subsequent exposures to antigens
• Can be Memory B and Memory T cells
• Generated from antigen-stimulated lymphocytes and differentiate
• Serve no function unless stimulated

Question 8

Immunological memory

Answer 8

• Each antigen exposure creates more memory cells, leading to better immune response
• Reason why vaccines provide long-lasting protection

Question 9

Immunization (and how to achieve)

Answer 9

When an organism is made immune to a disease/pathogen/antigen

1) Natural immunity
2) Artificial immunity

Question 10

Natural Immunity

Answer 10

• Develops following exposure to, infection from and recovery from a LIVE pathogen.
• Development time: weeks

Question 11

Artificial Immunity

Answer 11

• Developed following exposure to a killed or weakened pathogen but there is no infection -Provides long lasting protection
• Prophylactic

Question 12

Prophylactic

Answer 12

Preventative medicine, in contrast to therapeutic (treatment for current infection)

Question 13

Active Immunity

Answer 13

Immunity created from exposure to either live (natural) or killed/weakened (artificial) pathogen

Question 14

Passive Immunity

Answer 14

When an individual is given another person’s Abs (antibodies) for THERAPEUTIC, rather than prophylactic, treatment
KEY: Short-lived protection

Question 15

Levels of Immune protection

Answer 15

1) Barriers (skin)
2) Innate Immune system
3) Adaptive immune system

Question 16

Innate immunity

Answer 16

• First line of defense
• Consists of CELLULAR and HUMORAL components
• Present from birth, utilizes preformed effector molecules to recognize microbe structure, activation leads to ACUTE INFLAMMATION to check pathogens while a game plan is established by the body

Question 17

Cell-Mediated Innate Immunity components

Answer 17

-Occurs in infected cells, mediated by T cells

1) Phagocytes
2) Mast cells, basophils, eosinophils
3) Natural Killer (NK) cells

Question 18

Phagocytes

Answer 18

• Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages
• Kill wide variety of pathogens
• Trigger for intracellular kill is phagocytosis or factor secretion for extracellular (Directed by victim cell)

Question 19

Mast cells, basophils, eosinophils

Answer 19

• Provides defense against multicellular parasites

- Part of allergenic response

Question 20

Natural Killer Cells

Answer 20

• NK
• Kill infected and malignant cells
• IDs these cells and initiate apoptosis

Question 21

Humoral Immunity

Answer 21

• Mediated by Anti-bodies
• Soluble molecules involved in innate immune response
• Called “Inflammatory Mediators”

Question 22

Acute Phase Proteins

Answer 22

Class of proteins (part of humoral) that increase in concentration in response to immunity (i.e. C-reactive protein (CRP))

Question 23

Opsonization (opsonins)

Answer 23

Targeting pathogens/molecules for destruction by phagocytes — promote phagocytosis

Question 24

Complement System

Answer 24

• Part of humoral immunity
• Enhances ability of antibodies to clear pathogens and damaged cells
• Act as opsonins
• 20 proteins that control inflammation via:
  1) lysing bacteria
  2) abstracting phagocytes to rxn site
  3) opsonizing bacteria

Question 25

Process of Immune cell activation

Answer 25

-Transcription, synthesis and secretion of cytokines and chemokines

Question 26

Cytokines

Answer 26

- Important for initiating an immune response | - Involved in signaling between cells

Question 27

Chemokines

Answer 27

-Direct immune cell movement around the body

Question 28

Adaptive Immune System

Answer 28

-An acquired immune response that allows for the specific targeting of foreign antigens by receptors omg the surface of B-Lymphocytes and T-Lymphocytes

Question 29

B-Cell Receptor

Answer 29

- Receptor on B-lymphocytes (BCR) - Binding by specific antigen triggers the release of soluble immunoglobulins (antibodies) by plasma cells. Part of the HUMORAL IMMUNE response of adaptive immunity

Question 30

T-Cell receptor

Answer 30

-Receptor on a T-Lymphocyte (TCR) -Recognizes epitopes on antigen, triggering activation of the T-lymphocyte Part of the CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE -All TCRs on same cell are identical

Question 31

Epitope

Answer 31

specific antigen determinant (i.e. part of an antigen that gives away what it is)

Question 32

Plasma cells

Answer 32

When activated, secrete specific antibodies to combat pathogen

Question 33

Memory B-Cell

Answer 33

Forms memory of specific antigen so in future exposure, it can be dealt with quickly

Question 34

Antigen-Presenting Cells

Answer 34

- APCs - Macrophages, Dendritic cells and B-cells - Necessary for T-cell activation - Contain MHC, which presents foreign antigen to T-cells to trigger response

Question 35

Major Histocompatibility Complex

Answer 35

- MHC | - Present on the surface of APCs, essential for showing TCRs the antigens

Question 36

Accessory signals

Answer 36

- Delivered by APCs to activated T-Cell | - Via cytokines and cell-cell contact

Question 37

Clonal Expansion

Answer 37

When B and T cells rapidly produce an army of identical cells that quickly mature, capable of defending against the same specific antigen -Triggered by cytokines

Question 38

T-Lymophocytes

Answer 38

- Mediators of cell-mediated immunity - Mature in the thymus - T helper cells -- help B-lymph produce antibodies - Cytotoxis T lymphocytes --- kill all cells with foreign microbes

Question 39

B-lymphocytes

Answer 39

Mediators of humoral immunity - Only cells capable of producing antibodies - Mature in the bone marrow

Question 40

Macrophages

Answer 40

Ingest and destroy foreign substances

Question 41

Dendritic cells

Answer 41

Capture microbes, display them to lymphocytes to initiate immune response

Question 42

Follicular dendritic cells

Answer 42

Display antigens to B-lymphocytes in humoral responses

Question 43

Immunological tolerance

Answer 43

Unresponsiveness to the self's own antigens.

Question 44

Mast cells

Answer 44

-Important in allergic response but also recruit other leukocytes to destroy microbes

Question 45

Generative lymphoid organs

Answer 45

Where mature lymphocytes and produced

Question 46

Peripheral Lymphoid Organs

Answer 46

-Including the circulatory system, the destination for leukocytes

Question 47

Naive lymphocytes

Answer 47

- Undifferented cells in circulation who'se only job is to identify antigens. - Alive for a few weeks and then death if antigen is not encountered

Question 48

Effector lymphocytes

Answer 48

-Mature progeny of naive lymphocytes that have the ability to produce molecules to kill microbes

Question 49

Lymph Nodes

Answer 49

- Nodule lymphoid tissue aggregates | - Filters lymph using APCs, searching for antigens to attack

Question 50

Spleen

Answer 50

- Blood enters spleen and flows through sinusoids (channels). - Antigens are captured and assembled by dendritic cells and macrophages - Phagocytes destroy the microbes in the blood.

Question 51

Cutaneous Immune System

Answer 51

Specialized collections of lymphoid tissues and APC's located in and under the skin epithelia

Question 52

Mucosal Immune System

Answer 52

Specialized collections of lymphoid tissues and APC's located in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.

Question 53

High endothelial venules

Answer 53

specialized post capillary venules through which naive T cells center lymph nodes

Question 54

Immune system components

Answer 54

1) Fixed elements | 2) Mobile Elements

Question 55

Fixed elements

Answer 55

- component of the immune system 1) Primary --- bone marrow, thymus 2) Secondary --- spleen, lymph nodes