DSA (Karius)

Question 1

What happens when Kappa opioid receptors are activated?

Answer 1

Analgesia (inability to feel pain)
Dysphoria ( generalized dissatisfaction)
Diuresis (increased production of urine)
Miosis (constriction of the pupil)

Question 2

Where is norepinephrine found?

Answer 2

Primary: Locus Coeruleus in the pons

Can be found in other pontine and medullary areas

Question 3

Where are endocannabinoids found?

Answer 3

Basal Ganglia
Cortex
Spinal Cord

Question 4

How is nitric oxide created and released?

Answer 4

Step 1: Influx of calcium binds to calcineurin in NMDA receptors
Step 2: Activation of NOS
Step 3: Arginine cleaves NOS into NO and Citrulline
Step 4: NO is extremely lipid soluble and goes back to pre-synaptic neuron

Question 5

What are the two excitatory amino acids?

Answer 5

Glutamate and Aspartate

Question 6

What is the function of GABA?

Answer 6

Consciousness
Motor Control
Vision

Question 7

Where is histamine found?

Answer 7

Tuberomammillary nucleus of Hypothalamus

Question 8

NMDA creates what potential harmful substance?

Answer 8

Nitric Oxide

Question 9

What is the cardiovascular role of NO?

Answer 9

Vasodilation

Relaxation of smooth muscle

Question 10

What are the function of endocannabinoids?

Answer 10

Neuroprotection
Mood
Nociception

Question 11

What does the CB1 receptor do?

Answer 11

Reduces EAA and GABA release

Question 12

How are EAA actions limited?

Answer 12

Step 1: EAA is taken up by glial cell
Step 2: EAA is converted to glutamine, making it inactive
Step 3: Glutamine returns to pre-synaptic neuron and its converted back into EAA

Question 13

What do NMDA receptors play a role in?

Answer 13

Short and Long Term memory formation

Question 14

Where are excitatory amino acids found?

Answer 14

Everywhere in CNS

Question 15

What do P1 receptors do?

Answer 15

Sleep induction and general inhibition of neural function

Question 16

What is the function of opioids?

Answer 16

Modification of nociceptive inputs

Mood/Affect

Question 17

What is the precursor of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 17

Tyrosine –> Dopamine

Question 18

Opioids include what peptides?

Answer 18

Endorphins
Enkephalins
Dynorphins
Nociceptin

Question 19

What does the receptor 5HT6 for?

Answer 19

Anti-Depressant effect

Question 20

What is the function of acetylcholine?

Answer 20

Wakefulness and Motor Control

Question 21

What are the two major inhibitory amino acids?

Answer 21

GABA and Glycine

Question 22

What is the neural function of NO?

Answer 22

Long term potentiation in hippocampus and cerebellum

Question 23

What is a mandatory co-agonist of NMDA receptors?

Answer 23

Glycine

Question 24

Where is dopamine produced?

Answer 24

Substantia Nigra

Question 25

The location in the brain that makes the NT is the location of the ______.

Answer 25

Cell bodies

Question 26

Where is dopamine found in the brain?

Answer 26

Basal ganglia Hypothalamus Limbic system

Question 27

Where are purines found?

Answer 27

Everywhere in CNS! Especially cortex, cerebellum hippocampus, and basal ganglia

Question 28

Where are opioids located?

Answer 28

Basal Ganglia Hypothalamus Pons/Medulla

Question 29

What happens when Delta opioid receptors are activated?

Answer 29

Analgesia (inability to feel pain)

Question 30

Where is epinephrine found?

Answer 30

Medulla

Question 31

How do NMDA receptors produce an EPSP?

Answer 31

Step 1: Non-NMDA receptors are activated, leading to a regular EPSP Step 2: This EPSP dislodges the Magnesium Step 3: Calcium influx through NMDA receptor activates longer than normal EPSP

Question 32

What blocks epinephrine and norepinephrine into vesicles?

Answer 32

Reserpine

Question 33

What normally blocks NMDA channels at resting membrane potential?

Answer 33

Magnesium | PCP

Question 34

What moves epinephrine and norepinephrine into vesicles?

Answer 34

VMAT1 and VMAT2

Question 35

What is the immunological role of NO?

Answer 35

Produced by macrophages due to its toxicity

Question 36

Where is acetylcholine found?

Answer 36

Midbrain (basal ganglia) and pons

Question 37

What are the two types of non-NMDA receptors?

Answer 37

AMPA | Kainate

Question 38

What can NO produce that is toxic to neurons?

Answer 38

Free radicals

Question 39

What is there an influx of when AMPA receptors are activated?

Answer 39

Sodium

Question 40

Where is serotonin produced?

Answer 40

Raphe Nuclei in brainstem

Question 41

What does the CB2 receptor do?

Answer 41

Responds to injury or inflammation

Question 42

Where is serotonin found in the brain?

Answer 42

Hypothalamus Limbic system Cerebellum

Question 43

What is there an influx of when Kainate receptors are activated?

Answer 43

Sodium and Calcium

Question 44

Where are endocannabinoids derived from?

Answer 44

Membrane lipids: arachidonic acids

Question 45

How does benzodiazepines influence AMPA receptors?

Answer 45

Reduce sodium flow

Question 46

Where is glycine more commonly found

Answer 46

Major: Spinal cord | Also can be found in brainstem and higher levels of medulla

Question 47

Where is GABA more commonly found?

Answer 47

Higher levels of CNS | Can be found in spinal cord, but limited

Question 48

How is GABA removed from the synapse?

Answer 48

GAT1: picks up GABA on presynaptic terminal and repackages it into vesicle GAT2: GABA converted to glutamine, released into ECF, and recycled into GABA

Question 49

What is the precursor of serotonin?

Answer 49

Tryptophan

Question 50

What happens when Mu opioid receptors are activated?

Answer 50

``` Analgesia (inability to feel pain) Respiratory depression Euphoria Constipation Sedation ```

Question 51

What are examples of purines?

Answer 51

ATP ADP Adenosine

Question 52

What is there an influx of when NMDA receptors are activated?

Answer 52

Calcium

Question 53

What does the receptor 5HT3 for?

Answer 53

Area Postrema (Vomiting)

Question 54

What do P2X and P2Y receptors do?

Answer 54

Learning, memory, and modification of locomotor pathways