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DSM IV > DSM IV 1 > Flashcards

DSM IV 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

hallmarks of mental retardation

A

<70 IQ
deficits in adaptive functioning in at least 2 areas
onset before age 18

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2
Q

origin of mental retardation - prenatal vs. perinatal vs. postnatal

A

75% of cases are prenatal
10-15% perinatal (from one pound in utero to one month after birth)
10-15% postnatal

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3
Q

genetic vs environmental factors in MR

A

genetic factors account for only about 5% of cases of mental retardation (e.g. chromosomal abnormalities such as Down’s)
environmental factors play a much larger role - usually during embryonic development - poor maternal nutrition, poor maternal personal health habits, limited access to health care, exposure to in utero to pollutants, chemical toxins (e.g. maternal alcohol consumption)

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4
Q

MR comorbidities

A

3 - 4X more comorbid mental disorders in comparison with general population
most common - ADHD, Mood DIsorders, PDDs, Stereotypic Movement DIsorders

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5
Q

Male to female ratio of MR

A

3:2

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6
Q

mild mental retardation

A

85% of all individuals with MR
IQ 55-70
can develop social and communication skills
minimal sensorimotor impairments
can acquire skills up until 6th grade level
may achieve a minimum level of self-support

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7
Q

moderate mental retardation

A

40-55 IQ
develop communication skills and can usually attend to personal care
progress up to 2nd grade level in academic subjects
able to perform unskilled or semi-skilled work under supervision

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8
Q

profound mental retardation

A

<25 IQ
significant impairment in sensorimotor functioning and typically need highly structured environment
likely to have underlying neurological basis for their disorder

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9
Q

how to diagnose a learning disorder

A

significant discrepancy between IQ and achievement (2 or more SDs)
learning problem interferes with academic achievement or activities of daily living

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10
Q

comorbid disorders with LD

A

Conduct Dsorder
ADHD
ODD
Depressive Disorders

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11
Q

Reading Disorder

A

type of LD
significant deficits in reading achievement
seldom diagnosed before end of kindergarten

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12
Q

Mathematics Disorder

A

type of LD

significant deficits in mathematics ability

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13
Q

Disorder of Written Expression

A

type of LD

deficiency in writing skills, which interferes with writing grammatically correct sentences and organized paragraphs

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14
Q

Developmental Coordination Disorder

A

Motor Skills Disorder
deficits in daily activities that require motor coordination, which may be manifested by marked delays in achievement motor milestones or by clumsiness, poor performance in sports, or poor handwriting

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15
Q

Expressive Language Disorder

A

Communication Disorder
performance that is significantly below what would be expected in the area of expressive language
1/2 of children tend to outgrow it, while other half tend to have more long-lasting difficulties

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16
Q

Mixed Receptive-Expressive Language Disorder

A

Communication Disorder

symptoms of Expressive Language Disorder as well as problems in receptive language ability

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17
Q

Phonological Disorder

A

Communication Disorder
involves errors in sound production and use
including substituting one sound for another or omitting sounds such as final consonants

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18
Q

Stuttering

A

Communication Disorder
disturbance in the normal fluency and time patterning of speech, characterized by sound and syllable repetitions, introjections, broken words, blocking, circumlocutions, and monosyllabic whole-word repetitions
considered normal until about age 2 or 3

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19
Q

Pervasive Developmental Disorders

A

severe and pervasive problems in several areas of development, including reciprocal social interactions, communication, or presence of stereotyped behavior, interests, and activities

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20
Q

Autistic Disorder

A 
PDD
a) impairment in social interaction
b) impairment in communication
c) restricted repertoire of activities
onset must be prior to age 3
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21
Q

comorbidities of Autistic Disorder

A

75% of children also diagnosed with Mental Retardation

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22
Q

best prognosis with Autistic Disorder

A

late onset
high IQ
when child speaks before age 5

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23
Q

male: female ratio for Autistic Disorder

A

4 or 5 : 1

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24
Q

savant

A

individual who has lower intelligence, but has striking and unusual abilities

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25
Rett's Disorder
PDD between ages of 5 months and 48 months, sudden deceleration of head growth, acquisition of stereotyped hand movements, loss of social engagement, and appearance of poorly coordinated movements severely impaired language development with psychomotor retardation found only in females
26
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
PDD more common among males normal development for 2 years, followed by significant loss of previously acquired skills before age 10 in at least two areas: language, social skills, play, motor skills, and bowel/bladder control
27
Asperger's Disorder
PDD impaired social interaction and restricted repertoire of behavior, but not language, cognitive problems, or adaptive problems (other than social interaction) more common in males onset somewhat later than Autistic Disorder
28
ADHD
at least six months inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity some of symptoms must have been present before age 7 must occur in at least two settings and interfere with functioning
29
male: female ADHD
6-9 times more common in males than females
30
medications used to treat ADHD
``` mostly using stimulants Ritalin (methylphenidate) Concerta (metheylphenidate) Adderall (amphetamine) Dexedrine (dextroamphetamine) ```
31
ADHD over lifespan
symptoms tend to attenuate during adolescence or adolescence
32
treatment of ADHD
behavior therapy social skills parenting education EEG biofeedback
33
Concomitant diagnoses with ADHD
ODD or CD | may also be higher prevalence of Mood Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, and Learning Disorders
34
Conduct Disorder - hallmark
persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated
35
4 categories of Conduct DIsorder
1) aggression to people or animals 2) destruction of property 3) deceitfulness or theft 4) serious violation of rules
36
Conduct Diagnostic criteria
3 criteria within a one year period, and at least one criterion in the past six months
37
subtypes of Conduct Disorder
Childhood-Onset (prior to age 10) | Adolescent-Onset (after age 10)
38
Concomitant diagnoses with Conduct Disorder
``` ADHD Learning Disorders Mood Disorders Anxiety Disorders Substance-Related Disorders ```
39
Prognosis for Conduct Disorder
poor prognosis associated with early onset symptoms remit by adulthood in the majority of people BUT substance number continue to exhibit features and meet criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder in adulthood
40
Predisposing factors to Conduct Disorder
parental rejection and neglect difficult infant temperament, inconsistent child-rearing with harsh discipline, physical or sexual abuse, lack of supervision, change in caregivers or institutional living, large family size, absent father, association with delinquent peer group
41
treatment for Conduct Disorder
``` behavior modification family therapy individual therapy social skills training medication as appropriate more severe cases - residential or inpatient treatment ```
42
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
recurrent pattern of negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior toward authority figures 4 criteria must be present for at least 6 months typically present at home, may or may not be present at school, in community, or in clinical interview
43
Concomitant disorders with ODD
ADHD Learning Disorder Communication Disorder
44
PICA
eating nonnutritive substances for a period of at least one month
45
PICA is frequently associated with
Mental Retardation
46
Rumination Disorder
Repeated regurgitation and rechewing of food minimum of one month period, following a period of normal functioning age of onset between 3 and 12 months
47
Feeding Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood
failure to eat adequately with significant failure to gain weight or weight loss over one month only made when there is no general medical condition that accounts for the symptoms onset before age 6 most closely associated with "failure-to-thrive" syndrome
48
Tics
sudden, rapid, recurrent, non=rhythmic, stereotyped motor movements or vocalizations can be suppressed for a time, but eventually becomes irresistible may increase under stress and decrease during absorbing activities
49
treatments for tics
Catapres (Clonidine) - anti-hypertensive Haldol (Haloperidol) - antipsychotic Prozac (Fluoxetine) - SSRI
50
Tourette's DIsorder; treatment
MULTIPLE motor and ONE or more vocal tics occur many times a day, nearly every day period of one year of more onset before age 18
51
Disorders comorbid with Tourette's
ADHD is most common
52
Chronic Motor or Vocal Tic
single or multiple motor or vocal tics, but not both for one year or more onset before age 18
53
Transient Tic Disorder
single or multiple motor and/or vocal tics which occur many times a day for a minimum of four weeks, but not longer than 1 year onset before age 18
54
Encopresis
passage of feces into inappropriate places voluntary or involuntary age of 4 years (chronological or mental) at least once a month for a minimum of three months
55
Subtypes of Encopresis
With Constipation and Overflow Incontinence | Without Constipation and Overflow Incontinence
56
Enuresis
repeated voiding of urine into the bed or clothes intentionally or involuntarily minimal age of five years (chronological or mental) occurs twice a week for at least three months
57
Subtypes of Enuresis
Noctural Only Diurnal Only Nocturnal and Diurnal
58
Remission of enuresis
99% of the time, remits by adulthood
59
Medications to treat Enuresis
Tofranil (imipramine) - tricyclic antidepressant | DDAVP (nasal spray)
60
Separation Anxiety Disorder
inappropriate and excessive anxiety concerning being away from home or away from person(s) to whom the individual is attached at least four weeks and onset before age 18 may precede the development of Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia
61
Selective Mutism
minimum of one moth's duration onset usually before age 5 considered a childhood anxiety disorder related to social anxiety and social phobia
62
Reactive Attachment Disorder
significant disturbance in social relatedness in most contexts begins before age 5 due to grossly pathological care
63
two subtypes of RAD
Inhibited Type | Disinhibited Type
64
Stereotypic Movement DIsorder
motor behavior that is repetitive and nonfunctional (e.g. body rocking, head banging, self-biting, etc) interferes with normal activities or results in self-inflicted bodily injury period of 4 weeks or more
65
Delirium
acute confusional state characterized by disturbance of consciousness and change in cognitive abilities onset must be rapid course must be fluctuating reversible symptoms remit once condition contributing to delirium is treated
66
Delirium most common....
in elderly and children
67
Dementia
impairment in short-term or long-term memory PLUS: aphasia, praxia, agnosia, or disturbance in executive functioning interferes with work or social activities and is decline from previous levels of functioning
68
Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type
insidious onset and progressive deteriorating course Early Onset - before age 65 diagnosed with neuropsychological testing, neurological examination, brain scans (CT or MRI) diagnosis only confirmed with biopsy or autopsy after death
69
Vascular Dementia
stepwise pattern of deterioration and patchy distribution of deficits brought out by series of small strokes
70
Amnestic Disorders
impairments in short-term or long-term memory interferes with work and/or social functioning other criteria for dementia are not met
71
Substance-Induced Persisting Amnestic Disorder
AKA Korsakoff's syndrome can be caused by alcohol or sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics caused by chronic thiamin deficiency ANTEROGRADE amnesia most significant memory deficit

DSM IV (3 decks)

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