dumb memory flashcards
what are the rules regarding solubility of ionic compounds?
soluble
nitrate compound
group 1 compound
ammonium compound
Insoluble
silver/lead compound (unless nitrate)
Base (unless group 1 or ammonium)
Calcium and Barium
How do we test for cations
flame test
soak a wooden splint in a solution of a substance, place into roaring bunsen flame
Add sodium hydroxide to a solution of a substance
most hydroxide ions are insoluble
if the cation is group 1/ ammonium no precipitate forms
most cations from white precipitate
Cu2+ —> blue
Fe2+ —> green
Fe3+ —> brown
test for ammonium ions
warm solution with NaOH, NH4, OH, makes NH3 gas, test for ammonium gas with damp red litmus paper
if ammonia gas present litmus paper turn blue
How do we test for Anions
Must be done in this order
test for Carbonate ions
add acid
fizzes if carbonate ions are present
test for sulfate ions
add aq Ba2+ ions
white precipitate if sulfate ions present
Test for Halid ions
add silver nitrate
Cl- —> white precipitate
Br - —> cream precipitate
I- —-> yellow precipitate
give the definition for the standard enthalpy change of neutralisation
The enthalpy change when 1 mole of water is produced in the reaction between an acid and a base at standard conditions
what are the reagents and conditions used in the lab and industry to react an alkene with water
lab- sulfuric acid, heat under reflux then add water
industry- high temp and pressure, water and phosphoric acid catalyst added
state hess’s law
the enthalpy change of a reaction is independent of the pathway taken provided the initial and final conditions are the same for each pathway
