DUMS rugby physiology

Question 1

what are the functions of the kidney

Answer 1

• water/salt/electrolyte balance
• plasma volume + osmolarity
• acid base balance
• secrete metabolic waste
• excrete drugs/metabolites
• secrete EPO
• secrete renin
• active vit D conversion

Question 2

what is the fluid homeostasis

Answer 2

input = output

Question 3

what is osmolarity

Answer 3

concentration of active particles in a solution

Question 4

what is tonicity

Answer 4

effect of solution of cell volume

Question 5

what does water follow along osmotic gradient

Answer 5

salt

Question 6

what are the tracers used to measure body fluid

Answer 6

TBW
ECF
plasma

Question 7

main ions in the ICF

Answer 7

potassium and magnesium

Question 8

main ions in ecf

Answer 8

Na+
Cl-
HCO3-

Question 9

if you gain NaCl what does this mean in terms of fluid shift

Answer 9

increase ECF and decrease ICF

Question 10

what does loss of NaCl do

Answer 10

decrease ECF and increase ICF

Question 11

how much of the plasma that enters the glomerulus is filtered

Answer 11

20%

Question 12

where does the plasma that enters the glomerulus and is not filtered go

Answer 12

the efferent arteriol

Question 13

what are the three barriers to filtration

Answer 13

• glomerular capillary epithelium
• basal lamina basement membrane
• podocytes

Question 14

what charge is the basal lamina

Answer 14

negative

Question 15

what is GFR

Answer 15

rate at which protein-free plasma is filtered from the glomeruli into the Bowman’s capsule per unit time

Question 16

what is the major determinant of GFR

Answer 16

glomerular capillary blood pressure

Question 17

net filtration pressure

Answer 17

Question 18

what are some intrinsic mechanisms that regulate renal blood flow

Answer 18

• myogenic mechanism

- tubulo-glomerular feedback mechanisms (involves juxtaglomerular apparatus)

Question 19

what is plasma clearance

Answer 19

the volume of plasma completely cleared of a particular substance per minute

Question 20

why can inulin clearance be used clinically to determine GFR

Answer 20

because inulin is freely filtered and not absorbed, secreted or metabolised

Question 21

what is the plasma clearance of glucose and why

Answer 21

0

-glucose is filtered and fully reabsorbed and not secreted

Question 22

PC of urea and why

Answer 22

PC

Question 23

PC for H+ and why

Answer 23

PC>GFR

-H+ is filtered, secreted but not reabsorbed

Question 24

what is renal plasma flow

Answer 24

the volume of blood plasma delivered to the kidneys per unit time

Question 25

how is RPF (renal plasma flow) measured

Answer 25

using para-amino hippuric acid (PAH) a substance that is filtered freely and completely secreted (not reabsorbed)

Question 26

what is the filtration fraction

Answer 26

GFR/RPF | -the fraction of plasma flowing through the glomeruli that is filtered into the tubules

Question 27

what is sodium reabsorption driven by in the proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 27

the basolateral Na+-K+-ATPase

Question 28

how do oxygen and carbon dioxide get in the proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 28

diffusion through lipid bilayer

Question 29

how does Na get through proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 29

diffusion through channels

Question 30

how does glucose get through the proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 30

facilitated diffusion

Question 31

how do sodium and potassium enter and exit proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 31

primary active transport

Question 32

how do sodium and glucose get into the proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 32

secondary active transport

Question 33

what does it mean by the loop of henle generates cortico-medullary solute concentration gradient

Answer 33

it enables the formation of hypertonic urine

Question 34

if the flow the same in both limbs of loop of Henle

Answer 34

no

Question 35

what does the different flow in diff limbs of loop of Henle enable to happen

Answer 35

enables the kidney to produce urine with varying degrees of volume and concentration in response to circulating ADH levels

Question 36

what are the different permeabilities of the limbs

Answer 36

Descending Limb: No active Na+Cl- reabsorbed but water permeable Ascending limb: Water impermeable but active Na+Cl- reabsorbed

Question 37

which side is iso-osmotic and which is hypo-osmotic

Answer 37

Question 38

where is vasa recta found

Answer 38

travels alongside LOH in juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 39

what type of fluid is the fluid leaving the LOH and entering the DT

Answer 39

hypo-osmotic to plasma

Question 40

what happens to the fluid after it enters the DT

Answer 40

the DT empties fluid into the cortical collecting ducts

Question 41

what is the DT permeability to water and urine

Answer 41

low

Question 42

what happens in the early DT

Answer 42

NaCl reabsorption

Question 43

what happens in the late DT

Answer 43

- Ca reabsorption - H+ reabsorption - Na+/K+ reabsorption

Question 44

what does reduced atrial pressure result in in terms of ADH secretion

Answer 44

increase ADH

Question 45

what does ADH do to water permeability in the collecting ducts

Answer 45

increases it high ADH = high water permeability = hypertonic urine

Question 46

nicotine effect on ADH release

Answer 46

stimulates AHD release

Question 47

alcohol effect on ADH release

Answer 47

inhibits ADH release | -why you pee more when you drink

Question 48

what causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Answer 48

deficiency in ADH or insensitivity to ADH

Question 49

what can cause the deficiency in ADH or insensitivity in ADH in nephrogenic diabetes

Answer 49

- genetic - hypercalcaemia - hypokalaemia - drugs (lithium) - tubulo-interstitial disease

Question 50

treatment for nephrogenic diabetes

Answer 50

thiazides and low salt/protein diet

Question 51

what does aldosterone do

Answer 51

causes distal tubules to resorb more sodium and water which increases blood volume

Question 52

where is ANP (or ANH) released from

Answer 52

atrial muscle cells by mechanical stretch

Question 53

what does ANP do

Answer 53

promotes sodium excretion and diuresis (lower plasma volume)