pathology

Question 1

what is infective nephritis called

Answer 1

pyelonephritis

Question 2

what are the two groups of glomerulonephritis

Answer 2

• immune mediated

- related to vasculitis

Question 3

what is pathophysiology of goodpastures

Answer 3

IgG antibodies against alpha 3 subunit of collagen 4

Question 4

what immune mediated glomerulonephritis is there

Answer 4

• infection
• drugs (gold, penicillamine)
• cancer
• goodpastures

Question 5

nephritic syndrome characteristicws

Answer 5

haematuria and hypertension

Question 6

nephrotic syndrome characteristics

Answer 6

• heavy proteinuria
• non-dependent oedema
• hyperlipidaemia

Question 7

what three things are looked at in a kidney biopsy

Answer 7

• light microscopy
• electron microscopy
• immunoflouresence

Question 8

are crescents bad or good

Answer 8

bad

-indicates rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

Question 9

if you see granulomas in a renal biopsy what does this indicate

Answer 9

• GPA

- sarcoid

Question 10

what can electron microscopy show

Answer 10

you can see if there are deposits and where they are

Question 11

what does linear IgG on an immunofluorescence mean

Answer 11

good pastures

Question 12

who gets minimal change

Answer 12

kids

Question 13

is minimal change nephrotic or nephritic

Answer 13

nephrotic

Question 14

what does minimal change usually resolve with

Answer 14

steroids

Question 15

causes of FSGS

Answer 15

• obesity
• HIV
• sickle cell
• IV drug users

Question 16

is FSGS nephritic or nephrotic

Answer 16

nephritic

Question 17

cause of membranous glomerulus nephritis

Answer 17

INFECTION
-hepatitis
-malaria
-syphilis 
DRUGS (nsaids, gold etc)
MALIGNANCY
LUPUS
AUTOIMMUNE - thyroiditis

Question 18

is membranous nephritic or nephrotic

Answer 18

nephrotic

Question 19

appearance of membranous

Answer 19

• thick membranes

- sub-epithelial immune deposits

Question 20

cause of IgA one

Answer 20

genetic

coeliac

Question 21

who gets IgA one

Answer 21

post infection

Question 22

is IgA one nephritic or nephrotic

Answer 22

nephritic

Question 23

cause of membranoproliferative

Answer 23

idiopathic

Question 24

is membranoproliferative nephritic or nephrotic

Answer 24

either

Question 25

appearnce of membranoproliferative

Answer 25

big lobulated hypercellular glomeruli with thick membranes - tram tracks

Question 26

presentation of diabetes in the kidneys

Answer 26

diffuse and nodular glomerulosclerosis nodules - kimmel stiel wilson lesion microvascular disease infection

Question 27

two main types of polycystic kidneys

Answer 27

autosomal dominant PCKD | autosomal recessive PCKD

Question 28

where is the mutation in ADPCKD

Answer 28

nephrin

Question 29

what are cysts lined by in ADPCKD

Answer 29

simple epithelium

Question 30

presentation of ADPCKD

Answer 30

- massive kidney - lesions - pain - haematuria - infarction

Question 31

systemic complications of ADPCKD

Answer 31

- liver cysts - cerebral aneurysms - sub arachnoid haemorrhages

Question 32

who gets autosomal recessive PCKD

Answer 32

children

Question 33

what is the kidney like in ARPCKD

Answer 33

normal size and has a smooth surface

Question 34

benign tumour of the kidney is called....

Answer 34

oncocytoma

Question 35

what are the malignant tumours of the kidney called

Answer 35

- chromophobe - clear cell - papillary - collecting duct

Question 36

paediatric tumour of the kidney

Answer 36

Wilm's tumour

Question 37

risk factors for clear cell carcinoma

Answer 37

obesity, genetic influence

Question 38

presentation of clear cell carcinoma

Answer 38

haematuria mass rarely hypertension

Question 39

what is VHL associated with

Answer 39

sporadic kidney cancer

Question 40

where is urothelium found

Answer 40

- bladder - ureters - collecting system in kidney

Question 41

subtypes of cystitis

Answer 41

- parasites and mycotic infection - aseptic - reactive to catheter

Question 42

common parasite for cystitis

Answer 42

schistosomiasis

Question 43

what is aseptic cystitis

Answer 43

all the symptoms but persistently negative cultures and urinalysis

Question 44

what is cystitis cystica

Answer 44

infolding of bladder mucosa into cysts

Question 45

what is hydronephrosis

Answer 45

a condition where one or both kidneys become stretched and swollen as the result of a build-up of urine inside them

Question 46

who gets urothelial neoplasia

Answer 46

middle aged and elderly smokers

Question 47

which type of cancer is urothelial neoplasia

Answer 47

transitional cell carcinoma

Question 48

feature of CIS cancers

Answer 48

flat

Question 49

urachal adenocarcinoma

Answer 49

occur on a background of metaplasia | -embryological

Question 50

squamous cell carcinoma in the bladder

Answer 50

same as in the lung | -persistent inflammation gives rise to squamous metaplasia

Question 51

do high grade cancers produce PSA

Answer 51

no

Question 52

diagnosis of prostatic cancer

Answer 52

transanal/rectal core biopsies

Question 53

what infection is papilloma associated with

Answer 53

HPV

Question 54

is a differentiated penile intraepithelial neoplasia HPV related

Answer 54

no

Question 55

is a dedifferentiated penile intraepithelial neoplasia HPV related

Answer 55

yes

Question 56

what is hydrocele

Answer 56

accumulation of fluid around the testes | -between the two layers

Question 57

what is spermatocoele

Answer 57

cystic change within the vas of the epididymis

Question 58

what is varicocele

Answer 58

varicosities of venous plexus that drains the testis | -feels like a bag of worms

Question 59

what is bell clapper deformity

Answer 59

insertion of the tunica vaginalis is high

Question 60

two groups of testicular tumours

Answer 60

seminomatous and non-seminomatous

Question 61

which is most common testicular cancer

Answer 61

seminoma | -the potato tumour

Question 62

who gets non-seminomatous

Answer 62

30ish

Question 63

what is a mature teratoma of the testis

Answer 63

seen in three germ layers

Question 64

which protein does yolk sac produce

Answer 64

alpha feto protein

Question 65

what is embyonal tumour associated with

Answer 65

freq mets

Question 66

what would a trophoblast give a positive result for

Answer 66

beta HCG test (pregnancy test)