DV - Dates Flashcards
1
Q
Lydia Chapin Taft voted in Uxbridge, Massachusetts.
A
1756
2
Q
James Otis, “The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved”.
A
1764
3
Q
Phillis Wheatley, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral.
A
1773
4
Q
Thomas Paine, “An Occasional Letter on the Female Sex”.
A
1775
5
Q
March-May: “Remember the Ladies Letters” letters between Abigail and John Adams.
May 26: John Adams’ letter to James Sullivan (defends women’s disenfranchisement).
July 4: Declaration of Independence.
Beginning of the writing of state constitutions (extension of the RTV or status quo in most
states).
New Jersey constitution.
A
1776
6
Q
Adoption of the Articles of Confederation, ratified in 1781.
A
1777
7
Q
Letter from Hannah Lee Corbin, from Virginia, to her brother Richard Henry Lee, asking why she cannot vote in her state despite meeting voting qualifications.
A
1778
8
Q
Belinda Royall asks and obtains reparations for her work as an enslaved woman (first case of
reparations).
A
1783
9
Q
Elizabeth “Mumbet” Freeman is emancipated after suing for her freedom (Massachusetts).
A
1781
10
Q
Benjamin Rush, An inquiry into the effects of ardent spirits upon the human body and mind: with an account of the means of preventing, and of the remedies for curing them.
A
1784
11
Q
Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. The U.S. Constitution is ratified in 1788 but fails to impose a “national conception of voting rights” [Keyssar, 2000].
A
1787
12
Q
The Free African Society of Philadelphia decides to exclude members who drink alcohol.
A
1788
13
Q
November:
Law for 7 New Jersey counties (voters defined as “he or she”).
Judith Sargent Murray, “On the Equality of the Sexes”.
Naturalization Act limiting the naturalization process to any “free white person.”
A
1790
14
Q
Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.
A
1792
15
Q
Susanna Rowson, Slaves in Algiers.
A
1794
16
Q
November:
Letter of Abigail Adams to her sister saying she would use the RTV if she were to
be enfranchised.
Adoption of a law for all NJ counties (voters defined as “he or she”).
A
1797
17
Q
Charles Brockden Down, “The Rights of Woman”.
A
1798
18
Q
Mercy Otis Warren, History of the Rise, Progress and Termination of the American Revolution.
A
1805
19
Q
Law in NJ limiting the RTV to “free, white, male citizens.”
A
1807
20
Q
Second Great Awakening.
Widening of the franchise to white men. Black men’s disenfranchisement in some States.
A
1800s-1840s
21
Q
Missouri Compromise.
A
1820
22
Q
Creation of Troy Female Seminary by Emma Willard.
NY Constitutional Convention. James Kent argues against universal male suffrage.
The constitution enfranchises all white men but free Black men still face property qualifications.
A
1821
23
Q
Creation of Hartford Female Seminary by Catharine E. Beecher.
A
1823
24
Q
Elizabeth Heyrick, Immediate, not Gradual Abolition.
A
1824
25
Frances Wright, A Plan for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery in the United States Without Danger of Loss to the Citizens of the South.
1825
26
Creation of the American Temperance Society.
1826
27
Creation of the Democratic Party.
1828
28
September 20-24: First Colored Convention in Philadelphia
1830
29
First issues of The Liberator by William Lloyd Garrison. Creation of the "Ladies Department"
in 1832.
1831
30
September: Maria Stewart becomes the first black woman to address a mixed audience in
Boston. Creation of the Female Anti-Slavery Society by Black women in Salem, Massachusetts.
1832
31
December: Creation of the American Anti-Slavery Society and the Philadelphia Female AntiSlavery Society in Philadelphia.
1833
32
Female textile mill workers’ strike in Lowell, Massachusetts.
1834
33
Adoption by Arkansas (territory) of a married women’s property law.
1835
34
November: Angelina E. and Sarah M. Grimké take part in the agents’ convention of the American Anti-Slavery Society.
Angelina Emily Grimké, An Appeal to the Christian Women of The South.
Ernestine Louise Rose, who was born in Poland in 1810, moves to the US with her husband.
1836
35
May: Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women in New York. Two other conventions take place in 1838 and 1839 in Philadelphia. Violence against the participants.
Catharine E. Beecher, An Essay on Slavery and Abolitionism, With Reference to the Duty of
American Females.
Oberlin College becomes the first college to welcome women.
Beginning of the debate over the “woman question” in abolitionist societies.
1837
36
February: Angelina E. Grimké becomes the first woman to address a legislative assembly (Massachusetts).
September: Creation of the New England Non-Resistance Society. Debate over the “woman question.”
Angelina E. Grimké, Letters to Catherine E. Beecher, In Reply to An Essay on Slavery and Abolitionism.
Sarah M. Grimké, Letters on the Equality of the Sexes.
Pennsylvania disenfranchises free Black men. Robert Purvis, Appeal of Forty Thousand Citizens, Threatened with Disfranchisement, to the People of Philadelphia.
1838
37
Sarah Josepha Hale, The Lecturess.
1839
38
May: Annual convention of the American Anti-Slavery Society in New York. Abby Kelley Foster’s election to the executive committee. The association splits.
June 12-23: First World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. Female delegates are excluded from the proceedings. First meeting between Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
August 18-20: State Convention of Colored Citizens in Albany, New York. Adoption of a resolution linking manhood and citizenship.
1840
39
June 1: Isabella Van Wagenen becomes Sojourner Truth.
July: Margaret Fuller, "The Great Lawsuit. Man versus Men. Woman versus Women."
1843
40
Samuel J. May’ sermon in Syracuse. Asks for woman suffrage.
1845
41
Petition on woman suffrage addressed to the constitutional convention of the State of NY.
1846
42
Creation of The North Star by Frederick Douglass. Motto: "Right is of no sex, truth is of no color, God is the Father of us all—and all we are brethren."
1847
43
Revolutions in Europe.
April: Adoption of a married women’s property law in New York.
July 19-20: Women’s rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York. Publication of a Declaration des Sentiments. Resolution on women’s enfranchisement: “That it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise.”
August 2: Women’s rights convention in Rochester, New York.
September: National Convention of Colored Freemen in Cleveland, Ohio. The “woman question” is discussed and women’s participation is accepted.
1848
44
Elizabeth Blackwell, first female physician in the US.
Creation of The Lily by Amelia Bloomer.
Mathilde Franziska Anneke, a German socialist and feminist activist, moves to Wisconsin. She starts publishing a feminist journal in German in March 1852.
1849
45
April 19-20: women’s rights convention in Salem, Ohio. Men are present but are not allowed
to speak.
October 23-24: First National Woman’s Rights Convention in Worcester, Massachusetts.
Organized and chaired by Paulina Wright Davis. Adoption of a resolution on enslaved women’s situation (criticized a few days later by white activist Jane Swisshelm).
1850
46
May 28-29: Women’s rights convention in Akron, Ohio. Sojourner Truth’s speech. A version is published 12 years later by white activist Frances Dana Gage.
October 14-15: Women’s rights convention in Indiana.
October 15-16: Second National Woman’s Rights Convention in Worcester, Massachusetts. A letter from 2 French socialist activists, Jeanne Deroin and Pauline Roland, who were then in prison in Paris, and Harriet Taylor Mill’s article on the 1850 national convention are read during the debates.
The first women start wearing the Bloomer costume. By the late 1850s, almost no one is wearing it.
1851
47
May 26: Women’s rights convention in Ohio.
June 2-3: Women’s rights convention in Pennsylvania.
September 8-10: Third National Woman’s Rights Convention in Syracuse, New York.
Indiana votes a liberal divorce law (the State becomes a “divorce mill”).
Failure of Clarina Howard Nichols’ campaign in favor of school suffrage in Vermont.
1852
48
September: World’s Temperance Convention, or "Mob Convention", in New York. Women delegates cannot sit.
October 6-8: Fourth National Woman’s Rights Convention in Cleveland, Ohio.
Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Woman and Her Wishes.
Creation of The Una by Paulina Wright Davis.
1853
49
October 18-20: Fifth National Woman’s Rights Convention in Philadelphia. Many Black women participate.
1854
50
May 1: Lucy Stone and Henry B. Blackwell’s wedding. Marriage protest. Lucy Stone becomes the first American woman to keep her name without adding her husband’s. Both spouses became staunch opponents of the Free Love movement in the 1850s.
October 17-18: Sixth National Woman’s Rights Convention in Cincinnati, Ohio.
1855
51
November 25-26: Seventh National Woman’s Rights Convention in New York.
1856
52
Supreme Court decision Dred Scott v. Sandford, denying Blacks their citizenship. No national convention organized during that year.
1857
53
May 13-14: Eighth National Woman’s Rights Convention in New York.
1858
54
May 12: Ninth National Woman’s Rights Convention in New York.
1859
55
May 10-11: Tenth National Woman’s Rights Convention in New York.
1860
56
Civil War. Women’s rights activities put on hold.
January 1, 1863: Emancipation Proclamation.
May 14, 1863: Creation of the Woman’s National Loyal League.
1864: Anna Dickinson becomes the first woman to address the House of Representatives.
Abolitionists split over Lincoln’s candidacy.
April 14, 1865: President Lincoln’s assassination. Andrew Johnson becomes president.
May 1865: Debates within the American Anti-Slavery Society on its dissolution. Frances Ellen Watkins Harper asks for the fight to continue. William Lloyd Garrison leaves the organization.
Wendell Phillips becomes president and starts withholding funds from woman suffrage campaigns.
December 6, 1865: Ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment (abolition of slavery).
1861-1865
57
May: Eleventh National Woman’s Rights Convention. Creation of the American Equal Rights Association. Debates over the 14th and 15th amendments and on universal suffrage. Frances Ellen Watkins Harper: "we are all bound up together in one great bundle of humanity […] You white women speak of rights. I speak of wrongs."
June 13: Adoption of the 14th amendment in Congress.
October: Elizabeth Cady Stanton announces her candidacy for the House of Representatives.
December: 26th annual convention of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society. Robert Purvis pleads for “the oneness and indivisibility of the human family.”
Creation of the National Labor Union.
1866
58
May 9-10: First annual convention of the American Equal Rights Association in New York.
July: Attempt at including woman suffrage in NY’s new constitution (failure).
November 5: Defeat of two referenda on Black and woman suffrage in Kansas, the first State to organize a referendum on woman suffrage,
1867
59
January 8: Creation of The Revolution by Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Parker Pillsbury. Motto: "Men, their rights and nothing more; women, their rights and nothing less!"
July 9: Ratification of the 14th amendment (equal rights and birthright citizenship). Its second
section defines voters as male.
September: Creation of the Working Women’s Association.
November: Creation of the New England Woman Suffrage Association. In New Jersey, 172 women vote in the presidential election in a separate ballot box as a sign of protest.
December 7: Introduction of a bill for a constitutional amendment on universal suffrage by Senator Samuel C. Pomeroy ("The basis of suffrage in the United States shall be that of citizenship, and all native or naturalized citizens shall enjoy the same rights and privileges of the elective franchise.")
1868
60
February 26: Adoption of the 15th amendment in Congress ("The right of citizens of the United
States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.")
May: Last convention of the American Equal Rights Association. Tense debates on Anthony’s and Stanton’s opposition to the 15th amendment. Creation of the National Woman Suffrage Association by Anthony and Stanton.
November: Creation of the American Woman Suffrage Association in Cleveland, Ohio by activists favorable to the 15th amendment. Henry Ward Beecher becomes its first president.
December: Wyoming becomes the first territory to enfranchise women.
Creation of the Colored National Labor Union in Washington, DC. Mary Ann Shadd Cary chairs its Committee on Female Suffrage.
Catharine E. Beecher and Harriet Beecher Stowe, The American Woman’s Home. Publication of a call against woman suffrage written by Catharine E. Beecher.
Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Ought Women to Vote?
1869
61
January 8: First issue of the Woman’s Journal founded and edited by Mary Livermore, Lucy Stone and Henry B. Blackwell.
February 3: Ratification of the 15th amendment.
Women enfranchised in Utah (territory).
Rosalyn Terborg-Penn [1998] identifies a change in Black women’s suffragism in the 1870s and 1880s toward what she calls “Black nationalist feminism.”
1870
62
January 11: Victoria Woodhull addresses the House Judiciary Committee.
April: Mary Ann Shadd Cary participates in a mobilization aiming at registering women to vote in Washington, DC.
June: First antisuffragist petition to Congress by 19 women (published in Godey’s Lady’s Book and Magazine).
July: Around 200 Black women dressed as men vote in Johnson County in North Carolina.
Publication of The True Woman (antisuffragist periodical).
1871
63
November: Susan B. Anthony tries to vote in Rochester >> “New Departure” strategy.
Victoria Woodhull runs for the presidency and publishes an article on Beecher’s affair with Elizabeth Tilton.
Beginning of the Beecher-Tilton scandal.
1872
64
December: Beginning of the “Woman’s Crusade,” leading to the creation of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union.
Adoption of the Comstock laws
1873
65
School suffrage for women in Michigan and Minnesota.
Supreme Court decision Minor v. Happersett. End of the “New Departure” strategy.
1875
66
July 4: Susan B. Anthony and Matilda Joslyn Gage introduce a “Declaration of Rights for Women” during the ceremony of the centennial of the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia.
1876
67
Introduction of a woman suffrage amendment in Congress by Senator Aaron A. Sargent.
Congrès International du Droit des Femmes in Paris.
1878
68
Publication of the Home Protection Manual by Frances Willard. Campaign in Illinois for the “home protection ballot” (failure).
1879
69
Creation of the Colored Women’s Progressive Franchise Association by Mary Ann Shadd Cary.
1880
70
Beginning of the publication of History of Woman Suffrage.
Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Common Sense about Women.
1881
71
Chinese Exclusion Act.
Creation of a Committee of Remonstrants by 13 women in Boston.
Beginning of Stanton’s and Anthony’s trip to France and England.
1882
72
Ellen Frances Watkins Harper appointed as the head of “Work Among the Colored People of the North” within the WCTU, which she leaves in 1890.
1883
73
October 28: Unveiling of the Statue of Liberty. Suffragists organize a demonstration from a
boat.
1886
74
January 25: the Senate votes against a federal amendment on woman suffrage.
April: local suffrage for women in Kansas.
Repeal of woman suffrage in Utah and Washington (territories).
Adoption the Dawes Act (General Allotment Act).
First meetings between representatives of the American Woman Suffrage Association and the National Woman Suffrage Association.
Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Unsolved Problems in Woman Suffrage.
First pictures representing the Gibson Girl, a figure close to the New Woman.
1887
75
First convention of the International Council of Women in Washington, DC.
1888
76
Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr open Hull House in Chicago.
1889
77
February: Creation of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (Stanton = president; Stone = head of the executive committee; Anthony = vice-president).
Creation of the Woman’s National Liberal Union by Olympia Brown and Matilda Joslyn Gage (short-lived).
July 10: Wyoming becomes the first State to enfranchise women.
November: defeat of two referenda on Native American and woman suffrage in South Dakota.
December: Wounded Knee Massacre.
The Federal Elections Bill, or Lodge Bill, fails in Congress.
Adoption of the Mississippi Plan.
By that time, school suffrage exists in 22 States (municipal housekeeping ideology).
Creation of The Remonstrance.
1890
78
February: "Indians versus Women", speech by Anna Howard Shaw to the convention of the National American Woman Suffrage Association.
1891
79
Creation of the Colored Women’s League by Helen A. Cook, Charlotte Forten Grimké and Anna Julia Cooper in Washington, DC.
Creation of the Woman’s Era Club by Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin in Boston.
Anna Julia Cooper, A Voice from the South, By a Black Woman of the South.
Beginning of Ida B. Wells’ anti-lynching campaign.
Election of Susan B. Anthony as president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association.
1892
80
Woman suffrage in Colorado.
Organization of the World’s Congress of Representative Women in Chicago.
Woman suffrage in New Zealand.
Forced abdication of Queen Lili’uokal in Hawaii.
1893
81
Antisuffragist petition to the constitutional convention of New York.
Election of 3 women to the legislative branch in Colorado.
Creation by Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin of The Woman’s Era in Boston.
Ida B. Wells, The Red Record: Tabulated Statistics and Alleged Causes of Lynching in the United States.
1894
82
July 27-30: First National Conference of the Colored Women of America organized by Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin in Boston.
Creation of the New York State Association Opposed to the Extension of the Suffrage to Women and the Massachusetts Association Opposed to the Further Extension of Suffrage to Women.
First volume of The Woman’s Bible by Elizabeth Cady Stanton (second volume in 1898).
Adoption in Massachusetts of the Wellman bill on municipal suffrage. It includes the organization of a referendum on women’s municipal suffrage. Only 4% of female voters vote.
Participation of Hallie Quinn Brown in the World’s Woman’s Christian Temperance Union in London.
1895
83
Creation of the National Association of Colored Women. Mary Church Terrell is elected
president.
WS in Utah and Idaho.
Henry B. Blackwell, "Objections to Woman Suffrage Answered".
1896
84
February 18: “The Progress of Colored Women”, speech by Mary Church Terrell in front of the National American Woman Suffrage Association.
Williams v. Mississippi.
Spanish-American War.
1898
85
Creation of the National Consumers League.
1899
86
Carrie Chapman Catt becomes president of National American Woman Suffrage Association.
Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Women and the Alphabet.
Creation of the National Baptist Women’s Convention (Nannie Helen Burroughs).
Creation of the National College Equal Suffrage League.
Hallie Quinn Brown attends the Congress of Women in London.
1900
87
WS in Australia.
1902
88
Creation of the Women’s Social and Political Union in Manchester by Emmeline, Sylvia, Christabel, and Adela Pankhurst.
Creation of the Women’s Trade Union League by Mary Dreier, Rheta Childe Dorr, and Leonora
O'Reilly.
Annual convention of the National American Woman Suffrage Association in New Orleans (part of the Southern strategy).
Supreme Court decision Giles v. Harris.
1903
89
Creation of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance in Berlin. Carrie Chapman Catt becomes president.
Anna Howard Shaw becomes president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association.
1904
90
WS in Finland.
Creation de Jus Suffragii, the journal of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance.
1906
91
Creation of the “suffrage map” by Bertha Knobe.
Creation of the Equality League of Self-Supporting Women by Harriot Stanton Blatch.
Act in Reference to the Expatriation of Citizens and their Protection Abroad.
Alice Paul arrives in England.
1907
92
First suffrage parade in the US (Oakland, California).
1908
93
July: National convention of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, where resolutions on equal pay and child labor are adopted.
Creation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
Creation of the Men’s League for Woman Suffrage.
1909
94
WS in Washington (State).
Creation of a Congressional Committee by the National American Woman Suffrage Association (lobbying).
1910
95
March: Creation of the Wage Earners’ League for Woman Suffrage.
April: Beginning of Carrie Chapman Catt’s world tour, which ends in November 1912.
November: Creation in New York of the National Association Opposed to Women Suffrage.
WS in California.
1911
96
May 5: Participation of Mabel Ping-Hua Lee in the suffrage parade organized in New York.
Creation of The Woman’s Protest.
WS in Arizona, Kansas, and Oregon.
Inclusion of a woman suffrage clause in the Progressive Party’s platform.
The Crisis publishes a special issue on WS (2 other issues are published in 1915 and 1917).
Creation of the Women’s Equal Suffrage Association of Hawaii.
First performance of the suffragist play Press Cuttings in the United States.
Short film Votes for Women produced by the National American Woman Suffrage Association.
1912
97
January: Creation by Ida B. Wells-Barnett of the Alpha Suffrage Club in Chicago.
March 3: Suffrage parade in Washington, DC (the day before Wilson’s inauguration).
April: Creation of the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage (CU) by Alice Paul, who leaves NAWSA at the end of the year.
Creation of the Southern States Woman Suffrage Conference by Kate Gordon (white woman
suffrage).
First issue of The Suffragist (publication of the Congressional Union, then the National Woman’s Party).
WS in Alaska.
17th amendment.
Emmeline Pankhurst’s trip in the US.
1913
98
April: Organization by the Men’s League for Woman Suffrage of a performance in which 500 women participate.
November 12-17: Annual convention of the National American Woman Suffrage Association in Nashville, Tennessee.
WS in Montana and Nevada.
The National Federation of Women’s Clubs supports WS.
1914
99
April: Creation of the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (first president = Jane Addams).
September: issue of The Suffragist with a cover that shows Wilson (drawn by Nina Evans Allender).
October: President Wilson announces his support for the WS amendment in New Jersey.
December: Carrie Chapman becomes president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association again.
Publication by Alice Duer Miller of Are Women People? A Book of Rhymes for Suffrage Times.
Defeat of WS referenda in New York, New Jersey and Massachusetts.
Mabel Vernon and Sara Bard Field’s transcontinental trip in the US to gather signatures for WS.
Supreme Court decision Mackenzie v. Hare
1915
100
June: Creation of the National Woman’s Party.
September: Carrie Chapman announces her “Winning Plan” in Atlantic City (“The Crisis”).
November 7: Jeannette Rankin elected to the House of Representatives (for Montana).
July 4: Mabel Vernon interrupts President Wilson’s speech and asks him about WS.
1916
101
January: Beginning of the “silent sentinels” in front of the White House.
April: The US enters WWI. J. Rankin votes against.
November 5: Alice Paul and Rose Winslow start a hunger strike. They are force-fed.
November 14: “Night of Terror” in the prison of Occoquan, Virginia.
WS in New York.
Adoption of the Jones Act for Puerto Rico.
1917
102
January 10: Adoption of the 19the amendment in the House of Representatives.
September: Creation of the Republican Women’s National Executive Committee (RWNEC).
27 female delegates attend the Republican National Convention.
September 30: President Wilson supports WS as a “war measure” in front of Congress.
Marjorie Shuler, Guide to Women Voters.
WS in Michigan, Oklahoma, and South Dakota.
WS in Canada.
1918
103
May 21: The HofR votes in favor of a federal amendment.
June 4: The Senate votes for the federal amendment.
Creation of the Southern Women’s League for the Rejection of the Proposed Susan B. Anthony Amendment in Alabama.
Spanish flu.
Georgia (July 24), Alabama (September), and in 1920, South Carolina (January 28 ), Virginia
(February 12), Maryland (February 24), Mississippi (March 31), Delaware (June 2), and Louisiana (July 1) vote against the ratification of the 19th amendment.
1919
104
February 12-18: “Victory Convention” of the National Woman Suffrage Association in Chicago. The National American Woman Suffrage Association becomes the League of Women Voters.
August 19: Ratification of the 19th amendment by Tennessee. Certification on August 26.
Election of antisuffragist Alice Mary Robertson as U.S. Representative for Oklahoma.
Several leaders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People testify in front of Congress in order to promote the Tinkham Bill.
Election of Hallie Quinn Brown as president of the National Association of Colored Women.
Laura Cornelius Kellogg, Our Democracy and the American Indian: A Comprehensive
Presentation of the Indian Situation as It Is Today.
1920
105
First Miss America contest.
Adoption of an Equal Rights Law in Wisconsin.
1921
106
Senator Charles Curtis’ speech in front of the National Woman’s Party in Washington, DC.
Fairchild v. Hughes and Leser v. Garnett.
Publication of the 5th and 6th volumes of the History of Woman Suffrage.
Adoption of the Cable Act, or Married Women’s Independent Nationality Act.
Mobilization organized by Mary McLeod Bethune in Daytona, Florida.
Election of a woman, Lucy Tayiah Eads, as the leader of the Kaw nation.
1922
107
July: Alice Paul introduces the Equal Rights Amendment at the celebrations of the 75th anniversary of the Seneca Falls convention.
Introduction of the Lucretia Mott Amendment (ERA) in Congress.
Beginning of the “Get-Out-the-Vote” (GOTV) campaign by the League of Women Voters.
1923
108
Election of Nellie Tayloe Ross as governor of Wyoming.
Adoption of the Indian Citizenship Act.
1924
109
Nannie Helen Burroughs becomes president of the National League of Republican Colored Women.
1925
110
Election of Bertha Knight Landes as the Mayor of Seattle.
Creation of the National Council of American Indians by Gertrude Simmons Bonnin and her husband.
1926
111
Creation of the Inter-American Commission on Women at the 6th Pan-American Conference.
Election of Doris Stevens as president.
Mobilization organized by Black women in Chicago for the election of Oscar Stanton DePriest.
1928
112
Suffrage for educated women in Puerto Rico
1929
113
September 1: Publication of Emily Newell Blair’s testimony in Time.
1930
114
Frances Perkins becomes Secretary of Labor.
1933
115
Unrestricted WS in Puerto Rico.
Creation of the National Council of Negro Women by Mary McLeod Bethune.
1935
116
The SC upholds the poll tax in Georgia (Breedlove v. Suttles).
1937
117
The Republican Party supports the Equal Rights Amendment.
Mary Church Terrell, A Colored Woman in a White World (autobiography).
1940
118
January 25: Beginning of the mobilization initiated by A. Philip Randolph (March on Washington).
Augus : Atlantic Charter.
Creation of the National Committee to Abolish the Poll Tax, led by Joseph Gelders and Virginia Durr and supported by a coalition of organizations (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, American Federation of Labor, League of Women Voters).
1941
119
Adoption of the Soldier Voting Act.
1942
120
Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act.
Women can run for all elective offices in Oklahoma
1943
121
The Democratic Party supports the Equal Rights Amendment.
Participation of Rosa Parks in an action aiming at the registration of 750 Black people in Montgomery, Alabama.
Supreme Court decision declaring white primaries unconstitutional.
1944
122
Luce-Celler Act.
Creation by President Truman of the Committee on Civil Rights.
1946
123
Unrestricted indigenous suffrage in New Mexico and Arizona.
1948
124
McCarran-Walter Act.
Charlotta Bass is nominated as vice-presidential candidate by the Progressive Party.
1952
125
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.
1954
126
Adoption of the Civil Rights Act. Creation of a Civil Rights Commission.
Creation of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
1957
127
Eleanor Flexner, Century of Struggle: The Women’s Rights Movement in the United States.
1959
128
Creation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.
1960
129
Creation of the President’s Commission on the Status of Women.
1961
130
Fannie Lou Hamer attends a meeting of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, starting her career as an activist for voting rights.
1962
131
August 28: March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.
November: Freedom Ballot in Mississippi.
Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique.
Equal Pay Act.
1963
132
January: Ratification of the 24th amendment ("The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged
by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.")
April 3: Malcolm X, “The Bullet or the Ballot.”
July: Civil Rights Act.
Freedom Summer, in Mississippi. 41 Freedom Schools are opened in the State.
August 22: Fannie Lou Hamer’s speech in front of the Democratic Convention on behalf of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party.
Election of Patsy Mink in Congress.
1964
133
March: Mobilizations for voting rights in Alabama.
August 6: The Voting Rights Act is signed into law.
1965
134
Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections and South Carolina v. Katzenbach.
Creation of the National Organization for Women.
1966
135
Shirley Chisholm is elected in Congress.
1968
136
Renewal of the Voting Rights Act
1970
137
Congress adopts the Equal Rights Amendment (fails to be ratified).
1972
138
Renewal of the Voting Rights Act for 7 years. It includes “language minorities.”
1975
139
Rosalyn Terborg-Penn defends her Ph.D. entitled “Afro-Americans in the Struggle for Woman Suffrage” in Howard University.
Combahee River Collective Manifesto.
1977
140
Renewal of the Voting Rights Act for 25 years.
1982
141
June 25: Shelby County v. Holder.
2013
142
December: Adoption of the Justice for Lynching Act in the Senate.
2018
143
March: beginning of the Votes for Women: A Portrait of Persistence exhibit at the National
Portrait Gallery in Washington, DC.
2019
144
August: Kamala Harris’ speech at the Democratic National Convention. She mentions the centennial of the 19th amendment and several Black activists: Mary Church Terrell, Mary McCleod Bethune, Fannie Lou Hamer, Diane Nash, Constance Baker Motley and Shirley Chisholm.
Unveiling of the Central Park monument representing Sojourner Truth, Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
2020
