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Year 4 Sheep > Dx growing lambs > Flashcards

Dx growing lambs Flashcards

1
Q

What does it mean if we have a low growth rate in our lambs?

What should you be thinking?

A

Growth rate is a key performance indicator. If issue we have problems with nutrition and/or infectious dx

  • Always think, nutrition, ID, parasites
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2
Q

Growing lamb stage

A

0-18 months roughly

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3
Q

common clinical presentations indicating poor growth rates in our lambs

A
  1. D+
  2. Sudden death - often associated with Clostridial Dx and pasteurella pneumonia
  3. coughing/ rest Dx
  4. Trace element deficiencies - growing = inc requirement for
  5. Lameness
  6. Neuro
  7. Skin Dx - parasites/ photossensitisation
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4
Q

Poor growth in individual/ a few lambs what are you thinking?

A

o Low birth weight
o Border Disease (Persistently Infected Lamb)
o Congenital Problem
o Neonatal/chronic infection
o –Inadequate milk diet
 triplet, or dam had too little milk,
 bottle fed, weaned too soon eat grass too soon

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5
Q

Poor growth in lambs as a group what are we thinking?

A
  • Always think, nutrition, ID, parasites
    o Inadequate nutrition
    o Parasitic disease especially anthelmintic resistance (next lecture)
    o Trace element deficiencies
    o Pneumonia
    o Lameness (lameness lecture) - Chronic joint ill, CODD/FR/Scald
    o Orf, Scab (skin diseases)
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6
Q

Farmer presents lambs with poor growth. What history do you need to gather?

A

o Main clinical signs observed by farmer
o time of year
o breed
o expected growth rate
o Current growth rate
o Singles, twins, triplets
o Diet
o Any Signs of disease - Diarrhoea, orf, lameness, pneumonias
o Worming history
o Coccidiosis history
o Trace element treatments

  • Clinical exam of representative lambs
  • Assess Grazing
    o Set stock grass sward 6-8 cm height
    o Quality (ie not full of weeds)
  • Work out growth rates if possible (assume 4kg BW and weigh average bunch now-give DLWG)
  • Samples
    o FEC, coccidia, fluke, BS trace elements, test for AH resistance
  • Abattoir feedback
  • Post Mortem if any die
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7
Q

How should growth rates in lambs change assuming 4kg birth weight.
8 weeks growth rate
weaning weight growth rate
sale weight GR

A
  • 8 week weight growth rates
    o (300-500g/day)
  • Weaning weight growth rates
    o (300-500g/day)
  • Sale weights growth rates
    o (200-250g/day)
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8
Q

D+ in lambs 0-4 weeks. What Ddx are you thinking

A
  1. E coli
  2. Salmonella spp
  3. Cryptosporidium
  4. Dysentry

o Coccidiois (protozoa)
o Cryptosporidia parvum (protozoa)??

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9
Q

D+ in lambs 4-8 weeks what are we thinking

A

coccidiosis
Nematodirus BAttus
Acidosis
Dietary
Salmonella spp

o Coccidiois (protozoa)

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10
Q

D+ in lambs 8 weeks onwards

A

Pasrasitic Gastroenteritis
Acidosis
Dietary
SAlmonella spp

o Coccidiois (protozoa)

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11
Q

Cryptosporidiosis
- type of organism
- When do we see it
- Disease pressure

A
  • Protozoa
  • Zoonotic (petting zoos and water supplies)
  • C parvum(not host specific)
  • Severe outbreaks end of lambing/calving/intensive systems
  • Not always disease (can be found in healthy), can be part of mixed infections
  • Young lambs to 10 days ish
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12
Q

CS cryptosporidiosis in our lambs

A

o Lambs 3-7 days old
o Diarrhhoea profuse (blood)
o Dehydration
o Can be fatal

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13
Q

Dx and Tx cryptosporidiosis

A

o Stain faecal smear C parvum
o PM histopathology (definitive)
o Check E coli
- Treatment
o Supportive:-house sick animals, leave with dam
o Oral fluids (50ml/kg) four to six times daily
o Drug treatment-no licensed treatment-off license there is a treatment for calves

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

Prevention/ control cryptosporidiosis lambs

A
  • Prevention/Control
    o Reduce challenge
     Use different fields/housing for lambing and calving
     In outbreak move to fresh pasture
     Put newbornanimals to clean pasture
     Improve hygiene throughout the farm indoor
    o Improve resilience
     Lamb nutrition
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16
Q

Coccidiosis
- How common?
Aitiology

A

V common

  • Aetiology
    o Protozoa
    o pathogenic strains = Eimeria. crandallis, E. ovinoidalis
    o non disease-causing strains too “normally in sheep” so if we see it in faeces, doesn’t necessarily mean disease causing strain
    o Source is from ewes or older lambs multiplying
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17
Q

Risk factors Coccidiosis

A

o High Stocking Rates
o Inadequate colostrum
o Mixing ages
o Stress causing immunocompromising
o Often coincides with nematodirus battus infection

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18
Q

CS Coccidiosiso

A

o Often 4-8 weeks old lambs
o Clinical diarrhoea (more large intestine = can be haemorrhagic) tenesmus, fever, weight loss, death
o Sub-clinical dose = poor growth

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19
Q

Diagnosis Coccidiosis

A

o Not 100% straight forward
o Faeceal samples from affected group (6-10)
o Coccidial count (may not all be pathogenic)
o Need to know which species as may not be pathogenic strain
o Normally what do is if associated with CS then it is pathogenic
o Can send to lab which will speciate them however this takes a bit of time, a lot won’t wait so treat anyway
o Eimeria. crandallis, E. ovinoidalis

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20
Q

Tx coccidiosis

A

o Supportive:-house sick animals, leave with dam
o Oral fluids (50ml/kg) four to six times daily
o House with mother
o Drug treatment
o Vecoxan (Diclurazil), Baycox (toltrazuril) to lambs
o Assess risk of other lambs on farm treat if indicated
o Not usually an individual, group affected so usually treat rest of group metaphylactically

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21
Q

Prevention/ control coxy

A

o Reduce risk factors
o Hygiene of pens and feed troughs
o stocking rates
o colostrum intakes (past when rectify so make sure implement for next year)
o Nutrition
o batch rearing
 Avoid grazing younger and older lambs on same pasture
 Avoid following young lambs onto fields that have grazed older animals
 Always turn youngest animals onto clean pasture
o Consider prophylactic/metaphylactic treatment at risk time with Vecoxan(Diclurazil) (repeated), Baycox(toltrazuril) if really struggles

22
Q

Rumen acidosis- why do we see it?

A
  • as want finished ASAP to get to market ASAP when prices are higher (may, June) feed additional cereal based carbohydrates CONCENTRATES
  • should be introduced slooooowly until adlib
  • lot of carbs causes acidosis
  • also occurs if grazing land that was once wheat and barley = lot of grain fall causes acidosis
23
Q

Aetiology rumen acidosis

A

o Consumption of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates (grain, bakery waste)
o Management of concentrates in growing lambs (sudden introduction of ad lib concentrates)
o Stubble grain crops wheat and barley
o Fall in rumen PH Lactic acid production
o Rumenitis (inflam)
o Metabolic acidosis
o Lead  liver abscessation, fungal rumenitis and death

24
Q

Diagnosis rumen acidosis

A
  • Diagnosis
    o History and clinical signs usually enough
    o Rumenocentesis pH<5.5
    o Rumen liquor no live organsisms
    o PM
25
Q

Tx rumen acidosis

A
  • Treatment
    o Iv fluids 7-10% dehydrated (isotonic saline plus bicarbonate –recipe in text book)
    o Oral fluids by stomach tube
    o Multivitamins
    o Penicillin daily for 10 days to prevent bacteraemia causing liver abscesses
    o Put on Hay
    o AIM = prevention as often fatal
26
Q

Bloat in sheep

A
  • Rumen bloat
  • Uncommon in sheep, more in cattle
  • Grain overload, oesophageal obstruction (rare), legumes (frothy bloat)
  • CS:
    o Left side distention
  • Differential diagnosis (hypocalcaemia, abdomoninalcatastrophes), peritonitis, ascites, uroperitoneum
  • Treatment: stomach tube, dimeticone acts as surfactant to manage frothy bloat (orally), consider rumen trochar
27
Q

What is lamb nephrosis syndrome?

A
  • Usually after lamb suffered GI infection
  • Secondary to crypto or cocci but not 100% sure
  • GI infection goes on to cause damage to the kidney nephrons
  • Animal essentially goes into kidney failure as result of severe D+ episode
  • Not common but if outbreak of cocci and some don’t recover than lamb may have gone into secondary kid failure
28
Q

Clinical signs of lamb nephrosis syndrome

A

o 2 to 12 weeks of age.
o Older lambs (>4 weeks of age) tend to lose condition and have diarrhoea.
o Standing around water troughs or field drains due to increased thirst.
o High urea, creatinine and K+

29
Q

Diagnosis lamb nephrosis syndrome

A

o Raised urea and creatinine hyperkalaemia
o decreased albumin globulin ratio and a metabolic acidosis.
On post mortem pale and swollen kidneys are observed which demonstrate toxic tubular necrosis together with preservation of the basement membrane (nephrosis).
- No treatment has been found to have any effect, lambs tend to waste away and die within about a week and consequently euthanasia is preferred.

30
Q

What is the most common trace element deficiency in our lambs?

Why is it important

A

Cobalt Deficiency (Ill thrift)

  • Cobalt is made into vit B12 in the rumen
  • Rumen synthesises B12 inco-orporating cobalt into it
  • Really important for protein synthesis functions in the animals, especially fast growing animals e.g.
    o Red blood cell development
    o Amino acid synthesis
    o Energy metabolism
31
Q

CS ill thrift?

A

Cobalt deficiency

  • Clinical Signs
    o Weight loss – don’t grow as well
    o Anaemia
    o Slow growth
    o Debility
    o Weight loss
    o Watery eye discharge
32
Q

Diagnosis and tx cobalt deficiency/ ill thrift

A
  • Diagnosis
    o Rule everything else out first – worms, chronic anaemia
    o Co/VitBI2 levels in blood
    o Liver biopsy
    o Response to Co therapy
  • Treatment
    o Group
    o Co rumen boluses
    o Co oral drenches
    o VitB12 injections
     LA, called Smart shot
    o Co in creep feed
    o Pasture treatment
33
Q

Selenium deficiency
- due to what
- why is S important?
- What dx does it cause
- Dx
Tx

A

o Soil / Pasture deficiency
o Important Anti-oxidant
o Oxidants are produced in high metabolic activity. If not removed can damage muscle cells and selenium is important for immune function
o Immune function
o White Muscle Disease (skeletal)
 Ill thrift lambs
 Weakness, collapse, lame, stiff
 Important ddx for lameness and stiffness in growing lambs
o Poor reproductive performance ewes
o Diagnosis
 blood sample
o Treatment
 Oral, injectable, bolus, selenium salts, supplements added to feed

34
Q

Iodine deficiency

A

Seeing more as farmers moving away from conc feeds, using alternative forages which are often low in iodine and fed over winter

this means pregnancy ewes = deficient = still births, deaths weakness in lambs
late abortions
lambs get thyroid goitre and more susceptible to other neonatal diseases
Dx - PM large thyroid gland as it is compensating

35
Q

What breed most likely to suffer from copper deficiency?

A

Scottish Blackface

diff breeds differing abilities to absorb also diff soil types have diff levels

36
Q

What does copper deficiency manisfest as in lambs

A

o Swayback in Lambs due to deficient ewe
 Poor myelination spinal chord
 Weak on back end, drag feet
o Congenital
o Ewe deficient in pregnancy
o Treat Ewe during pregnancy
o Important DDx = trauma or spinal abscess

37
Q

What breeds have evolved to live in low copper areas and therefore if on normal pasture get copper poisoning?

A

 North Ronaldsay – pet and hobby
 Suffolk
 Blue Faced Leicester
 Texels

38
Q

CS copper poisoning

A

 Signs of liver failure
 Jaundice
 Ataxic, headpressing (high ammonia as lvier not working), jaundice, haemoglobinuria, recumbancyand death

39
Q

diagnosis and Tx copper poisoning in sheep

A

o Dx
 History clinical signs and P.M
o Tx
 Sodium calcium EDTA (collating agent)
 Supportive therapy
 Multivits to support liver
 Group
 Remove feed source/ change location
 Molybedenum and sulphur added to water to prevent happening In future

40
Q

What is cattle pneumonia more due to and sheep

A

viruses PIV, RSV, IBR,

Sheep more bacterial - Mycoplasmaspp. Mannheimiahaemolytica (most common), Pasturellamultocida

41
Q

chronic copper poisoning pathogenesis

A

o Chronic
 Ingestion over a period of time
 Stored in liver in lysosomes, capacity suddenly released into circulation
 Maybe precipitated by stress
 Intravascular haemolysis and jaundice

42
Q

Causes of respiratory disease in lambs

A
  • Pneumonia
    o Respiratory viruses, PI3, RSV,
    o Bacteria Mycoplasmaspp. Mannheimiahaemolytica (most common), Pasturellamultocida
    o Stress related often
  • Lung worm
    o Dictylocaulaus filaria
     Often mild
     Coughing lambs at pasture
    o Lambs at pasture
43
Q

What is the most common cause of pneumonia in sheep?

A

Mannhaemia haemolytica/ Pneumonic Pasturellosis

which is a commensal org or URT (nasopharynx) but pathogenic in lungs or dude = can cause mastitis

44
Q

What is a common reason lambs come down with Mannhaemia haemolytica/ Pneumonic Pasturellosis pneumonia?

A
  • Often secondary to other disease/stress which knocks immune system
    o Change in diet (lambs out on pasture – new field or crop, worms, ticks, housing, poor ventilation, stress of handling, transport bad weather…..
    o Something usually has set it off
  • Epidemiology
    o Housing or Pasture
    o Outbreaks in growing lambs
    o Sporadic cases older animals
44
Q

CS Mannhaemia haemolytica/ Pneumonic Pasturellosis pneumonia

A

o Pyrexia, mucopurulent nasal discharge, cough, inc RR, effort death

45
Q

PM findings and Tx Mannhaemia haemolytica/ Pneumonic Pasturellosis pneumonia

A
  • Post Mortem
    o Typical Anteroventral? consolidation
    o Culture
    o Pale = healthy, dark = consolidated inflam
    o Bottom = fibrinopurulent pluracy alongside – v serious
  • Treatment
    o LA oxytetracycline first line, amoxicillin, macrolides, 5-7 days (long acting useful)
    o All sensitive to MH
46
Q

Prevention Mannhaemia haemolytica/ Pneumonic Pasturellosis pneumonia

A
  • Prevention vaccination helps
    o HeptavacP
    o Ovipast
47
Q

Mycoplasma pneumonia

A
  • Much less dramatic than mannheimia
  • Mycoplasma ovi pneumoniae
  • Chronic disease and cough
  • Cough, slight nasal discharge, inc RR
  • Poor quality Housing with poor ventilation, pasture over-stocked lambs
  • Dx: history clinical signs, BAL, post mortem, bronchoalveolar levarge but mostly just based on CS
  • Tx oxytet LA/ macrolides (consider group)
  • Px: ventillation, hygiene, stocking rates, risk factors that have set it off
48
Q

Other pneumonias

A

Other pneumonias
- Chronic suppurative pneumonia (Lung abscesses)
- Usually individual or one or two in group after outbreak
- Secondary to pneumonia
- Range of bacteria not just one:
o A pyogenes, M haemolytica, P multocida
- Weight loss, intermittent pyrexia, soft cough, increased respiratory rate, intermittent nasal discharge
- Ultrasound lungs
- Treatment: prognosis poor, prolonged courses penicillin may be helpful (28 days)
o Lung abscesses are walled off therefore Ab not great
o Sometime long course of penicillin does work

49
Q

Lung worm in lambs

A
  • Dictyocaulus filaria 
  • Muellerius capillaris (not thought to be significant, but common PM finding)
  • Summer / autumn
  • Lambs at pasture, grazing (older than 12 weeks)
  • Coughing dyspnoea
  • Diagnosis larva in faeces-
    o Baerman test on faeces
    o L1
  • Treatment
    o Anthelmintic (BZ, ML, LV)
    o Antibiotics (as before)
    o NSAIDs
    o Supportive
  • Anthelmintics to rest of group, even non clinical, move to low risk pasture

Year 4 Sheep (11 decks)

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