Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Case 1 > Dyspepsia And GORD > Flashcards

Dyspepsia And GORD Flashcards

(61 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What age range do gastric ulcers occur at

A

55-65

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Wat age range do duodenal ulcers occur between

A

25-75

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hat are the genetic and family factors for peptic ulcers

A

Increased acid production, weaker mucosa and abnormal mucus production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are lifestyle factors for peptic ulcers

A

Caffeine, smoking, alcohol NSAIDs, stress, H. Pylori

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which type of ulcer is accosicted with, weight loss, anorexia and nausea

A

Duodenal ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the causes of peptic ulceration

A

Infection with H. Pylori
Long term use of NSAIDs
Stress ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many COD enzymes are there?

A

2, cox-1 and cox-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens when COX is inhibited

A

Decrease in prostaglandins
Increases gastric acid secretion
Decrease mucus production and blood flow
Increased expression of intracellular adhesion molecules in gastric vascular endothelium
Increased neutrophil adherence to vascular endothelial cells
Mucosal damage due to neutrophil derived free radicals and protease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which neutralisation medications are used for treatment

A

Antacids
Alginates
Sucralfate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which reduction of acid secretion medications are used for treatment

A

Proton pump inhibitors

Histamine H2 receptor antagonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the adverse effects of antacids?

A

Constipation, laxative properties, bloating/flatulence, renal calculi,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do antacids work?

A

Binding of other drugs = reduced bioavailability
Chemical inactivation of drugs
Increased gastric pH, decreased drug absorption and excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do alginates do

A

They are usually combined with antacids, they form protective barriers on top of gastric contents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which cells do proton pump inhibitors work on?

A

Parietal cells (produce HCL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Give examples of PPIs

A

OmepraZOLE, lansopraZOLE, enteric coated to resist gastric metabolism and allow GI absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do H2 histamine receptor antagonists work?

A

Block competitively
Histamine stimulates acid production by parietal cells through histamine H2 receptor
Drugs end in “ine” = cimetidine and ranitidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which peptic ulcers do sucralfate treat?

A

Benign gastric and duodenal ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 5 features of inflammation?

A 
Rubor (redness) 
Tumour (swelling)
Calor (heat) 
Dolor (pain) 
Loss of function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the rapid host response to acute inflammation?

A

Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability and leukocyte migration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which two mediators are involved in inflammation?

A

Cell derived meditators, plasma protein derived mediators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which enzyme relseases arachidonic acid?

A

Phospholipids A2 from membrane phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What do COX-1 and COX-2 convert arachidonic acid into?

A

Prostaglandins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does extended injury result in?

A

Fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which cells are in chronic inflammation?

A

Macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the pathogenic effects of autoantibodies?
Affect molecular function mediate cell destruction Immune consoles mediated reactions (type III hypersensitivity)
26
Which cells circulate and bind to self antigens released from injured cells?
B cells
27
Which conditions are included in IBS (irritable bowel syndrome)
Ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease
28
What are the causes of IBS
``` Stress Diet Abnormal GI motility Infections Overgrowth of intestinal flora ```
29
Treatment for IBS
``` Antidepressants Dietary fibre supplementation Loperamide/laxative Antibiotics Analgesics ```
30
What are the symptoms of Crohn’s disease?
Pain Diarrhoea Weight loss Anaemia
31
What are the symptoms of UC (ulcerative colitis)
Bloody diarrhoea Colicky abdominal pain Urgency Fever
32
In which genes, are mutations a sign of early onset IBS
IL10RA, IL10RB, TGFBR1, TGFBR2
33
Which drug treatments are available for IBS
DMARDS -> aminosalicylates, methotrexate | Immunosuppressant drugs —> glucocorticoids, azathioprine, cyclosporin
34
What are the side effects of aminosalicylates?
Diarrhoea, salicylate sensitivity and interstitial nephritis
35
Does methotrexate have a in UC
No
36
What is methotrexate an antagonist of?
Folic acid
37
What is the mechanism of action of glucocorticoids?
Reduce transcription of genes encoding COX-2, phospholipids A2, pro-inflammatory cytokines and iNOS
38
What is the mechanis of action of azathioprine?
Interferes with purine synthesis | Inhibits cell mediated and antibody medicated immune reactions
39
What is the mechanism of action of cyclosporin?
Inhibitor of IL-2 gene transcription Binds to cyclophilin in lymphocytes Reduction of of T cell dependent B cell responses
40
What is the mechanism of action of biologics?
Monoclonal antibodies directed against TNF | Immunosuppressant activity
41
What is the difference between IBD and IBS
IBD - structural problem | IBS - functional problem
42
How is IBS diagnosed
Discomfort for 3 days a month for 3 months minimum, especially intolerance to food (lactose)
43
How is IBS treated
Treatment dependent on the pathogenesis
44
What is the main factor that lead to the development of IBD
Defects in the epithelial barrier, microbiota is able to get through the barrier which causes inflammation
45
What predisposes you to IBD
NOD2 polymorphisms, less macrophages are produced
46
Diagnosis of IBD
Stool tests Blood tests GI Investigation
47
Which two types of drugs can be used for treatment IBD
DMARDS | Immunosuppressant drugs
48
What does methotrexate antagonise
Folic acid
49
Example of glucocorticoids
Prednisolone
50
Why is CTZ triggered easily
Outside the blood brain barrier, easily stimulated, more permeable to cytotoxic agents
51
What do NSAIDS inhibit
COX enzyme
52
How does mucous protect the stomach
Traps HCO3
53
How does stress lead to gastric ulcers
Reduces the amount of bicarbonate ions | The mucous isn’t protecting the epithelium
54
What is the treatment for damage caused by NSAID us
Misoprostol, analogue of prostaglandins
55
Which cox enzyme is turned on when there is inflammation
COX 2
56
Which treatments are there for dyspepsia
Antacids and alginates PPIs H2RAs
57
Give two examples of H2Ra
Cimetidine | Ranitidine
58
When are PPIs activated
In acidic conditions
59
What is the the difference between IBS and IBD
``` IBD = structural disorder IBS = functional disorder ```
60
When is IBS diagnosed
When a patient has had discomfort 3 times a month for three months
61
What is loperamide used for
Diarrhoea

Case 1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions