UPPER GI DISORDER Flashcards
(35 cards)
What is the function of the upper GI (stomach and above)?
Ingestion and breakdown of food and breakdown of food
State the function of the lower GI (intestines)
Digestion and absorption of the extracted nutrients
What is GORD?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease. Exposure of unprotected oesophageal epithelium to acid.
What is dysphagia?
Difficulty swallowing
A hiatal hernia is “protrusion of part of the stomach”. True or false
True
LOS
Lower oesophageal sphincter
What can cause the formation of peptic ulcer disease?
Excessive secretion of acid
What can hypochlorhydria (absence/decrease of stomach acid) cause?
Increase in gastric infections, poor absorption of vitamin B12 and reduced digestion of ingested food.
Where does the GI extend to and from?
Mouth to anus
Which are the 3 glands that are in the salivary glands?
Parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands.
What is stomatitis
Inflammation of the lining of any of the soft tissues of mouth
Leukoplakia definition
Painless white patches on the side of the tongue or cheeks
What is the UOS
Upper oesophageal sphincter, skeletal muscle, regulates movement of food from the pharynx to the oesophagus
Causes of GORD
Obesity, medication, spicy, acidic or fatty foods, smoking
What does GORD cause
Heartburn and pain —> stomach content (pepsin and bile) reflux back into the oesophagus
What are the three types of GORD
Non erosive reflux disease (heartburn), erosive oesophagitis (acute inflammatory response), Barrett’s oesophagus (cancer risk)
What can hypochlorhydria (decreases in stomach acid volume production) result in?
Increase in gastric infections, poor absorption of vitamin B12, reduced digestion of ingested food
What do parietal cells secrete?
Gastric acid (HCL), activates pepsin to kill bacteria
What do G cells secrete?
Gastrin, which stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCL
What occurs during the translocation of H+/k+ ATPase to apical membrane
- resting cell H+/K+ ATPase in cytoplasmic vesicles
- stimulated cell H+/K+ ATPase membrane fused
- increased surface area and membrane pumps
What is gastrin a receptor of?
Cholecystokinin B (CKKB/CCK2) receptor
What is the gastric phase?
Stimulates acid out of stomach
Peptides in foods stimulate G cells
Food increases pH, preventing D cell activity, HCl production increase
What is the intestinal phase?
Chyme enters duodenum
Less food, decrease in pH, D cell activity, decreasein HCl production, as there is an inhibiton of the release of gastrin ask somatostatin is secreted
What are the 7 steps in the mechanism of HCL secretion
Co2 diffuses into the parietal cell from plasma
Carbonic acid produced, by carbonic anhydrase
H2CO3 dissociates into H+ and HCO3-
H+/k+ ATPase actively transported H+ out and K+ in
Na+ actively reabsorbed
K+ recycles to gastric lumen, elevated k+ gastric juice
Cl- passively exits cl- channel
