džiomorfolodži

Question 1

Layers (4)

Answer 1

Crust
Mantle
Outer & Inner Core

Question 2

Lithosphere

Answer 2

Crust + Upper part of Mantle

Question 3

Asthenosphere

Answer 3

Part of upper Mantle below Lithosphere
Flows like molten plastic despite being solid

Question 4

Outer Core

Answer 4

Fluid layer of Earth’s Core
Primarily composed of Liquid Iron & Nickel
4500C to 5500C
2900km to 5100km

Question 5

Inner Core

Answer 5

5100km to 6371km from surface
Probably: solid, composed by iron-nickel alloy
->deduced from seismic waves & magnetic field

Question 6

Tectonic plates boundaries (3)

Answer 6

Divergent, Convergent, Transform

Question 7

Divergent boundary - Separation

Answer 7

Plates move away from each other
New crust
Under oceans usually (basalt)
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
East African Rift Valley
Constructive

Question 8

Convergent boundary - collision

Answer 8

Causes: Subduction OR Collision
Creates mountains
Subduction - usually oceanic going under continental
Destructive

Question 9

Transform (Sliding)

Answer 9

Plates slide past each other horizontally
Causes Earthquakes
E.g.: San Andreas Fault

Question 10

Convergent - results

Answer 10

Mountains, Trenches, Volcanoes

Question 11

Divergent - results

Answer 11

Ridges, Valleys

Question 12

Transform - results

Answer 12

Earthquakes, faults

Question 13

Fault

Answer 13

Break or fracture of Earth’s crust where rocks have moved past each other
Cause: tectonics forces that are too strong, causing rocks to crack and shift
Result: Displacement: up/down/sideways

Question 14

Mohorovicic Discontinuity/Moho

Answer 14

Seismic waves change speed as they move
Speeding up when pass through bottom of crust enter mantle
Boundary between crust and upper mantle

Question 15

Desulforudis Audaxviator

Answer 15

Species of bacterium that lives in groundwater 1.5-3km below Earth’s surface
Jules Verne’s novel Journey to the Center of the Earth: “Descende, audax viator, et terrestre centrum attinges”

Question 16

Magnetic Motion

Answer 16

Earth’s north magnetic pole is moving away from Canada toward Siberia

Question 17

Folds

Answer 17

Bend in rock layers caused by slow compression
Cause: Rock layers are soft/flexible, pressure applied slowly, so they bend instead of breaking
Result: Curved structures: Anticlines(upfolds)/Synclines(downfolds)

Question 18

Convection Currents

Answer 18

Circular movements of material caused by differences in temperature/density in Earth’s mantle

Question 19

Convection Current process (technically 4 but 5)

Answer 19

1. Heat from Core warms lower mantle
2. Hot mantle material becomes less dense and ascends
3. Reaching cooler upper mantle makes it spread out and cool down
4. Cooler and denser material sinks back toward lower mantle
5. Cycle…

Question 20

Mantle Plume

Answer 20

1. Narrow column of hot rock that rises deep within the mantle, possibly near Core
2. Hotter & more buoyant than surroundings, causing it to rise vertically and drastically
3. When it reaches lithosphere, it can cause volcanic activity(e.g. Hawaii Islands formed over a mantle plume - hot spot)

Question 21

Hot Spot

Answer 21

Usually away from boundaries
Caused by Mantle Plumes

Question 22

Ring of Fire

Answer 22

Location: Around Pacific Plate edges
Cause: Convergent plate boundary = Subduction
Definition: Zone of intense volcanic and earthquake activity

Question 23

Continental crust

Answer 23

thicker/stronger 35-40km
older
less dense
mostly granite

Question 24

Oceanic crust

Answer 24

slightly denser
much thinner 5-10km
younger
mostly basalt

Question 25

Causes of plates movement

Answer 25

Convection Currents Force of Gravity Weight of plate

Question 26

Old continents

Answer 26

Pangea ->Laurasia+Gondwana

Question 27

Old Seas/Oceans

Answer 27

Panthalassa Tethys

Question 28

Eons

Answer 28

Phanerozoic 541Ma Precambrian: -Proterozoic 2.5Ga -Archean - 4.0Ga -Hadean - 4.54Ga

Question 29

Phanerozoic Eon - Eras

Answer 29

Cenozoic - 66Ma Mesozoic - 252Ma Paleozoic - 541Ma

Question 30

Paleozoic periods (8 fancy worte ;))

Answer 30

1. Cambrian - 541Ma 2. Ordovician 3. Silurian 4. Devonian 5. Carboniferous: 5.1 ->Mississippian 5.2 ->Pennsylvanian 6. Permian - end 252Ma

Question 31

Mesozoic (3)

Answer 31

1. Triassic - 252Ma 2. Jurassic 3. Cretaceous - 66Ma

Question 32

Cenozoic (3 periods)

Answer 32

Paleogene Neogene Quarternary

Question 33

Epoch

Answer 33

Paleogene: 1. Paleocene 2. Eocene 3. Oligocene Neogene: 1. Miocene 2. Pliocene Quarternary: 1. Pleistocene 2. Holocene - since 11.8Ka

Question 34

Cratons

Answer 34

Old and Strong part of continental plate

Question 35

Platform

Answer 35

craton covered with sediments

Question 36

Shield

Answer 36

Large area where Precambrian rocks crop out extensively at the surface

Question 37

Acasta Gneiss

Answer 37

Earth's oldest known rock 4.03b years Canadian shield

Question 38

Gneiss

Answer 38

metamorphic rock

Question 39

Importance of tectonic plates movement

Answer 39

1. Counterbalance to erosion 2. Cooling down the Earth

Question 40

Erosion

Answer 40

1. smoothening Earth's surface 2. Destroying Mountains and moving material to lowlands

Question 41

Relief of Ocean Basins

Answer 41

1. Continental shelf(part of continental crust) 2. Continental slope 3. Ocean ridges 4. Ocean trenches 5. Island Arcs 6. Abyssal plain (3-6km) 7. average ocean depth = 3.7km

Question 42

Relief on Earth (6)

Answer 42

Mountain Valley Hill Plateau Plain Basin

Question 43

Formation of Relief - Internal Factors

Answer 43

movements inside Earth cause lithosphere to: rise, sink or move Ways: Folding & Fracturing the land Volcanoes Earthquakes

Question 44

External Factors - Weathering, Erosion, Deposition

Answer 44

Erosion process Erosive agents can mould relief previously created by internal movement of the Earth Factors: 1. water -> temperature changes 2. ice 3. wind 4. vegetation 5. human actions

Question 45

Erosion types

Answer 45

River carving a valley Waves cutting back cliffs Wind blowing topsoil Glacier moving rocks Landslide